. 2019 Sep 16;24(18):3359. doi: 10.3390/molecules24183359

Table 2.

Total polyphenol, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities of non-fermented and fermented hydroponic ginseng.

Sample		Total Polyphenol Content (GAE¹⁾)	Total Flavonoid Content (KPE²⁾)	Antioxidant Activity
Sample		Total Polyphenol Content (GAE¹⁾)	Total Flavonoid Content (KPE²⁾)	ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity (%)	FRAP Assay (μM Fe²⁺/mg Solid Sample)	Inhibition of β-carotene Oxidation (%)
Non- fermented	Roots	27.96 ± 0.35^d	0.68 ± 0.18^d	34.21 ± 0.36^d	89.47 ± 0.865^d	84.72 ± 0.72^b
Non- fermented	Shoots	32.56 ± 0.40^b	13.74 ± 0.24^b	54.69 ± 1.20^b	214.76 ± 0.28^b	74.76 ± 0.67^c
Fermented	Roots	29.97 ± 0.57^c	4.39 ± 0.10^c	46.41 ± 1.38^c	110.09 ± 1.27^c	88.20 ± 0.47^a
Fermented	Shoots	40.11 ± 0.98^a	29.95 ± 0.46^a	62.30 ± 1.20^a	222.06 ± 0.22^a	76.76 ± 0.41^d

All values were expressed as means ± standard deviation of triplicated experiments. Different letters in same column indicate significant differences as determined by Duncan’s multiple range tests (p < 0.05). ¹⁾ GAE: mg gallic acid /g solid content of sample. ²⁾ KPE: mg kaempferol /g solid content of sample. ABTS: 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, FRAP: Ferric reducing antioxidant power. Different letters (a, b, c, and d) represent significant differences among samples.