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. 2019 Sep 16;19(18):3990. doi: 10.3390/s19183990

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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SEM images of the screen-printed carbon working electrode surface before and after modification with the PANI/AuNCs nanocomposite layer. (a) Bare working electrode. (b) After electropolymerization of PANI. The top and cross-sectional view (inset) of the PANI film obtained using (c) 25 and (d) 50 successive voltage scan cycles. After electrodeposition of AuNCs at (e) 1000× and (f) 5000× magnification. The scale bar in each image, represented by the white horizontal line, corresponds to a length of 10 µm.