Table 2.
Outcomes at t5 According to Risk Group at t1 (3½ Years)
| Classification at t1 | Referred as LI but did not reach criterion3 (N = 15) | ANOVA F(3,215)4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TD (N = 73) | FR (N = 86) | LI (N = 30) | FR‐LI (N = 30) | |||
| t5 Measures | ||||||
| Language1 | 0.50 (0.61)1 | 0.17 (0.77)2 | −0.84 (0.84)3 | −0.91 (0.74)3 | 0.07 (0.83) | 42.11 |
| Phoneme awareness1 | 0.44 (0.67)1 | −0.09 (0.85)2 | −0.46 (0.90)3 | −0.33 (0.69)3 | −0.08 (0.85) | 13.38 |
| Decoding1 | 0.43 (0.66)1 | −0.04 (1.04)2 | −0.23 (1.02)2,3 | −0.55 (0.92)3 | −0.19 (1.04) | 9.31 |
| Spelling2 | 103.71 (13.13)1 | 96.96 (13.85)2 | 93.48 (16.66)2,3 | 90.23 (11.88)3 | 95.53 (17.92) | 8.58 |
| Performance IQ2 | 110.021 (12.79) | 104.122 (13.90) | 92.6 (14.84)3 | 95.0 (14.73)3 | 107 (13.40) | 15.54 |
| Outcome groups at t5 | ||||||
| Dyslexia (total N) | 5 (6.8%) | 22 (25.6%) | 8 (26.7%) | 12 (40%) | 3 (20%) | — |
| Dyslexia‐only (N) | 5 (6.8%) | 12 (13.9%) | 0 | 2 (6.7%) | 2 (13.3%) | — |
| DLD (total N) | 5 (6.8%) | 16 (18.6%) | 23 (76.7%) | 22 (73%) | 2 (6.7%) | — |
| DLD‐only (N) | 5 (6.8%) | 6 (7.0%) | 15 (50%) | 12 (40%) | 1 (6.7%) | — |
| Dyslexia + DLD | 0 | 10 (11.6%) | 8 (26.7%) | 10 (33.3%) | 1 (6.7%) | — |
TD = typically developing; FR = family‐risk; LI = language impairment; DLD = Developmental Language Disorder; ANOVA = analysis of variance.
1Factor (z) score 2Standard score 3Excluded analyses at t1 4ANOVA, excluding children with speech‐language concerns; values with same subscript do not differ significantly.