Table 3.

Sterile Technique, Number of Cases, Anesthetic Preparation, and Infections, Broken Down by Physician and Joint^a

Physician No.	Joint	No. of Cases	Standard Sterile Preparation Protocol	Standard Anesthetic Preparation Protocol	Infections
1	Knee	224	Betadine swab sticks, then alcohol on sterile gauze for anesthetic, then repeat same for Mi-Eye2.	10-15 mL of 1% lidocaine for skin and capsule	0
	Shoulder	116			0
2	Knee	137	ChloraPrep	15 mL total of 1% lidocaine/0.25% Marcaine	0
	Shoulder	7	ChloraPrep	30 mL total of 1% lidocaine/0.25% Marcaine	0
3	Knee	7	ChloraPrep	1% lidocaine: 5 mL anterolateral, 5 mL anteromedial, 10 mL suprapatellar per joint	0
	Shoulder	4	ChloraPrep	10 mL of 1% lidocaine, posterior approach	0
4	Knee	187	Betadine swab	10 mL of 1% lidocaine with epinephrine in each portal	0
	Shoulder	4		10 mL of 1% lidocaine with epinephrine in each portal	0
5	Knee	172	Alcohol and ChloraPrep first (then infiltration tract). Next, cover the site and repeat preparation with ChloraPrep stick (no drapes).	20-30 mL of 1% lidocaine with 2 mL of bicarbonate	0
	Shoulder	51		20-30 mL of 1% lidocaine with 2 mL of bicarbonate	0
6	Knee	22	ChloraPrep	5 mL of 1% lidocaine with epinephrine in each portal	0
	Shoulder	1		5 mL of 1% lidocaine with epinephrine in each portal	0
7	Knee	5	Gowned first and then preparation with hydrogen peroxide, followed by Betadine. Anesthetic given and allowed to set up for 10 min. Then another Betadine preparation with ethyl chloride for procedure.	10-15 mL of 1% lidocaine	0
	Shoulder	82			0
8	Knee	39	Chlorhexidine, sterile gloves, no drape.	10 mL of 1% lidocaine	0
9	Knee	19	Betadine swab sticks, then alcohol for Mi-Eye2 needle.	Anesthetic: cold spray, 20 mL of 1% lidocaine without epinephrine in portals and joint	0
10	Knee	127	Betadine swab sticks, then alcohol on sterile gauze for anesthetic, then repeat same for Mi-Eye2.	20 mL total, half lidocaine 1%, half Marcaine 0.25% with epinephrine	0
	Shoulder	9		Same as for knee	0
11	Knee	50	Iodine swab for injection of lidocaine-Marcaine mix followed by ChloraPrep and drape for the procedure.		0
	Shoulder	6			0
12	Knee	56	Alcohol followed by chlorhexidine preparation for injection, repeat chlorhexidine preparation for procedure, sterile gloves, no drapes.	Initial preparation with cold spray, then 15-20 mL of 1% lidocaine with epinephrine in skin and the track down to capsule; about 5 mL into the joint	0
	Shoulder	16			0
13	Knee	74	ChloraPrep swab, no drape.	8 mL of 1% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2-3 mL in capsule, minimal amount in joint	0
	Shoulder	4			0

^aManufacturers: Betadine, Avrio Health; ChloraPrep, Becton Dickinson and Co; Marcaine, Pfizer.