Table 1.
Alterations in Antioxidant Status in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients
| Antioxidant | Sample | Groups (n) | Change | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonenzymatic antioxidants | ||||
| GSH | ELF | IPF (15) vs. Ctrl (19) | Decreased | (30) |
| BALF | IPF (23) vs. Ctrl (17) (smokers excluded) | Decreased | (182) | |
| Blood | IPF (11) vs. Ctrl (9) | Decreased | (231) | |
| Blood | IPF (22) vs. Ctrl (29) | Decreased | (152) | |
| Sputum/plasma | IPF (16) vs. Ctrl (15) | Decreased | (16) | |
| ELF | IPF (17) vs. Ctrl (14) | Decreased | (146) | |
| BALF | IPF (17) vs. Ctrl (14) | No change | (146) | |
| Plasma/BALF | IPF (16) vs. Ctrl (20) | No change | (138) | |
| GSSG | BALF | IPF (23) vs. Ctrl (17) (smokers excluded) | No change | (182) |
| Blood | IPF (11) vs. Ctrl (9) | No change | (231) | |
| Blood | IPF (22) vs. Ctrl (29) | Increased | (152) | |
| BALF | IPF (16) vs. Ctrl (20) | Increased | (138) | |
| Plasma | IPF (16) vs. Ctrl (20) | No change | (138) | |
| TEAC | Plasma/BALF | IPF (23) vs. Ctrl (17) (smokers excluded) | Decreased | (182) |
| Plasma | IPF (11) vs. Ctrl (9) | No change | (231) | |
| Uric acid | Plasma | IPF (11) vs. Ctrl (9) | No change | (231) |
| Plasma/BALF | IPF (16) vs. Ctrl (20) | Increased | (138) | |
| Vitamin A | Plasma/BALF | IPF (16) vs. Ctrl (20) | Increased | (138) |
| Vitamin C | Blood | IPF (11) vs. Ctrl (9) | No change | (231) |
| Plasma/BALF | IPF (16) vs. Ctrl (20) | Increased | (138) | |
| Vitamin E | Plasma/BALF | IPF (16) vs. Ctrl (20) | Increased | (138) |
| Enzymatic antioxidants | ||||
| CAT | Lung tissue | IPF (12) vs. Ctrl (10) | Decreased | (161) |
| SOD1 | Serum | IPF (25) vs. Ctrl (40) | Increased | (22) |
| SOD3 | Lung tissue | IPF (10) (fibrotic vs. nonfibrotic tissue) | Decreased | (110) |
| GRX1 | Lung tissue | IPF (160) vs. Ctrl (132) | Decreased | (7) |
| Lung tissue | IPF (5) vs. Ctrl (5) | Decreased | (172) | |
| PRXII | Lung tissue | IPF (10) vs. Ctrl (10) | Decreased | (233) |
| TRX | Lung biopsies | UIP (15) vs. Ctrl (6) | Decreased | (226) |
| Redox-sensitive transcription factor | ||||
| Nrf2 | Lung tissue | IPF (16) vs. Ctrl (20) | Increased | (138) |
| Lung tissue | IPF (7) vs. Ctrl (7) | Increased | (143) | |
| Lung tissue (epithelium) | IPF (7) vs. Ctrl (7) | Increased | (143) | |
BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; CAT, catalase; ELF, epithelial lining fluid; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; GRX, glutaredoxins; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; PRX, peroxiredoxin; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TEAC, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; TRX, thioredoxin; UIP, usual interstitial pneumonia.