Table 4.
Summary of the means and standard deviations of the raw scores and t‐scores on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning total and subscales for each age group
| Subscale (raw/t‐score) | 5–9 m (N = 32) | 10–14 m (N = 90) | 15–19 m (N = 48) | 20–24 m (N = 39) | MANOVA group effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean total raw (SD) | 40.06 (9.39) | 69.08 (9.48) | 89.17 (10.18) | 105.41 (11.08) | |
| Mean Cog T (SD) | 191.31 (22.39)a | 182.17 (29.74)a | 163.98 (28.57)b | 154.74 (28.37)b | F(3, 203) = 12.40, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.16 |
| Mean GM raw (SD) | 9.16 (2.36) | 16.01 (3.61) | 21.23 (3.14) | 23.72 (2.20) | |
| Mean GM t‐score (SD) | 48.47 (10.27) | 48.27 (15.46) | 49.56 (12.33) | 42.90 (8.05) | F(3, 203) = 1.54, p = 0.21, η2 = 0.02 |
| Mean VR raw (SD) | 9.50 (2.26) | 14.54 (2.08) | 17.90 (3.48) | 21.69 (3.39) | |
| Mean VR t‐score (SD) | 54.41 (8.27)a | 45.50 (9.27)b | 38.50 (11.76)c | 36.97 (9.82)c | F(3, 203) = 22.26, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.25 |
| Mean FM raw (SD) | 7.81 (2.52) | 15.29 (2.40) | 19.38 (2.22) | 21.87 (1.64) | |
| Mean FM t‐score (SD) | 45.47 (10.55) | 51.70 (11.16)a | 47.17 (9.50)a | 40.00 (6.51)b | F(3, 203) = 8.92, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.12 |
| Mean RL raw (SD) | 7.03 (2.49) | 12.26 (1.87) | 15.83 (2.92) | 20.69 (3.77) | |
| Mean RL t‐score (SD) | 44.78 (12.08)a | 42.14 (9.01) | 37.38 (9.84)b | 40.56 (10.47) | F(3, 203) = 3.86, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.05 |
| Mean EL raw (SD) | 6.56 (1.41) | 10.98 (2.70) | 14.83 (2.00) | 17.44 (3.65) | |
| Mean EL t‐score (SD) | 46.66 (5.75)a | 42.82 (11.79) | 40.94 (6.60)b | 37.21 (9.45)b | F(3, 203) = 5.95, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.08 |
Groups marked with different subscript letters (a, b, c) differed significantly with Bonferroni correction applied (p < 0.005).
Cog T: cognitive t‐score; GM: Gross Motor; VR: Visual Reception; FM: Fine Motor; RL: Receptive Language; EL: Expressive Language.