Table 2.

Bivariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with polypharmacy ^a in patients with CKD at baseline (N = 5217)

Clinical characteristics	Bivariate analysis, OR (95% CI)	P-value	Multivariate analysis, OR (95% CI)	P-value
eGFR categories (mL/min/1.73 m²)		<0.0001		<0.0001
≥90	Ref.		Ref.
≥60–<90	1.71 (1.27–2.32)		1.15 (0.81–1.63)
≥45–<60	2.39 (1.79–3.19)		1.18 (0.84–1.65)
≥30–<45	3.72 (2.77–4.99)		1.56 (1.11–2.21)
<30	6.69 (4.39–10.19)		2.36 (1.48–3.77)
Sex, n (%)		<0.1091		<0.0001
Male	1.12 (0.97–1.29)		0.71 (0.60–0.84)
Female	Ref.		Ref.
Age group (years)		<0.0001		<0.0001
<50	Ref.		Ref.
≥50–<60	2.02 (1.66–2.46)		1.25 (1.0–1.57)
≥60–<70	3.53 (2.94–4.24)		1.62 (1.30–2.02)
≥70–<80	5.35 (4.29–6.67)		2.21 (1.70–2.88)
BMI (kg/m²)		<0.0001		<0.0001
≤25	Ref.		Ref.
>25–<30	1.61 (1.37–1.9)		1.13 (0.93–1.36)
≥30	4.48 (3.71–5.42)		2.21 (1.79–2.75)
Diabetes mellitus		<0.0001		<0.0001
Yes	6.50 (5.24–8.07)		3.58 (2.83–4.52)
No	Ref.		Ref.
Hypertension		<0.0001		<0.0001
Yes	9.96 (7.30–13.57)		6.02 (4.26–8.51)
No	Ref.		Ref.
CVDb		<0.0001		<0.0001
Yes	4.99 (3.75–6.64)		3.21 (2.37–4.35)
No	Ref.		Ref.
Dyslipidaemia		<0.0001		0.0494
Yes	2.0 (1.55–2.6)		1.36 (1.00–1.86)
No	Ref.		Ref.
Gout		<0.0001		0.0076
Yes	2.15 (1.78–2.60)		1.38 (1.11–1.71)
No	Ref.		Ref.
Smoking status		<0.0001		0.0002
Never smoker	Ref.		Ref.
Former smoker	1.76 (1.51–2.06)		1.46 (1.22–1.75)
Current smoker	0.99 (0.82–1.2)		1.15 (0.92–1.43)
Education level (years)		<0.0001		0.0042
≤9	Ref.		Ref.
10	0.56 (0.47– 0.66)		0.89 (0.74–1.07)
>10	0.34 (0.28–0.41)		0.68 (0.55–0.84)

^aPolypharmacy is defined as intake of five or more medications per day, OTC medication included.

^bCVD is defined as cardiac valve replacement, aortic aneurysm or coronary heart disease.