Table 3.

Levels of coumarin in tobacco and tobacco products

Tobacco type or product	Country	Samples with coumarin/total samples	Level (ng/g)	Comments	References
Flue-cured	Brazil, Malawi, Zimbabwe, US	11/12	< LOD-900	Results on DWB, LOD 50 ng/g	Christakopoulos et al. [17]
Air-cured	Poland, Italy, Zimbabwe, US	6/8	250–1300
Sun-cured	Greece, Turkey	1/2	< LOD-250
Fire-cured	Poland, US	6/6	1600–4200
Burley	US	1/1	600	Result on WWB (9% water)	Fujimori et al. [18]
Zarda	SE Asia	2	3.8 × 105, 4.4 × 105	Results on WWB LOD 380 ng/g	Lisko et al. [30]
Qiwam	SE Asia		1.9 × 105
Snuff	US	0/2	< LOD
Clove cigarette filler	US	1/2	< LOD-4600
Cigarette filler	US	1/68	< LOD-390	Results on WWB LOD 13 ng/g	Stanfill and Ashley [20]
Bidi filler	India (from US market)	1/17	< LOD-3.6 × 103	Results on WWB LOD 200 ng/g	Stanfill et al. [32]
Rapé snuff	Brazil	9/11 tobacco containing	< LOD-2.8 × 106	Results on WWB Several contained tonka bean	Stanfill et al. [31]
		2/2 non-tobacco	5.8 × 106 − 1.7 × 107