Table 2.
Mendelian randomization studies on clinical characteristics, behavioral traits and biomarkers and type 2 diabetes.
| Exposure | Genetic intrument | Cases/controls | Causal effect size OR (95% CI) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low birth weight | GRS | 3,627/12,974 | 2.94 (1.70–5.16) | [47] |
| Body mass index | GRS | 12,171/56,862 | 1.26 (1.17–1.34) | [49] |
| Waist/hip ratio | GRS | 34,840/149,821 | 1.82 (1.38–2.42) | [50] |
| Hypertension | GRS | 11,855/318,664 | Not significant | [51] |
| Coffee consumption | GRS | 26,632/171,200 | Not significant | [53] |
| Adiponectin | GRS | 15,960/64,731 | Not significant | [61] |
| CRP | GRS | 6,698/15,872 | Not significant | [62] |
| Vitamin D | GRS | 58,000/370,000 | 0.86 (0.77–0.97) | [54] |
| IL-1RA | GRS | 18,715/61,692 | Not significant | [63] |
| Urate | GRS | 26,488/83,964 | Not significant | [64] |
| HDL cholesterol | GRS | 2,587/45,040 | Not significant | [65] |
| Total triglycerides | GRS | 5,637/6,860 | Not significant | [66] |
| LDL cholesterol | 2 variants | 14,976/74,395 | 1.12 (1.06–1.18) | [56] |
| Natriuretic peptide | 1 variant | 7,508/8,572 | 0.82 (0.74–0.90) | [58] |
| Fetuin | GRS | 34,550/66,266 | Not significant | [67] |
| Branch chain amino acids | GRS | 47,877/267,694 | 1.44 (1.26–1.65) | [60] |
GRS, Genetic Risk Score; CI, confidence intervals; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-1RA, Interleukin receptor 1-A antagonist; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.