Figure 3.

Mean lipid concentration of dihydroceramides are significantly elevated at all time points in the DESIR Study.
(A) Mean plasma concentrations of dihydroceramides plotted over time. The left two plots show the individual lipid species Cer(d18:0/22:0) and Cer(d18:0/24:0). The rightmost plot represents the class for total Cer(d18:0) species. The group means are consistently higher in diabetes cases as compared to control samples. x axis: time point of collection. y axis: mean lipid concentration in each of the groups. Error bars: SEM of the lipid concentration. Asterisks at each time point represent significance of the statistical test comparing cases to controls (age- and sex-corrected linear model): *adjusted p < 0.05, **adjusted p < 0.01, ***adjusted p < 0.001 (p values adjusted for multiple correction across 37 lipids by the Benjamini-Hochberg method). (B) Volcano plots of statistical tests comparing 37 lipid species in each group of diabetic subjects versus the control samples from the same sample collection period (linear model, containing factors for sex and age). The plots shown are from DESIR group of individuals tested 9, 6, and 3 years before diabetes diagnostic. Figure reproduced from [13].