Table 7. Multilevel, logistic regression for predictors of spatial clustering of all types of malaria at the household level, southern-central Ethiopia, October 2014 to January 2017.
| Variables | Cases within identified spatial cluster | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) |
P-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n (%) |
No n (%) |
|||||
| Age in years | ||||||
| <5 | 118 (48.2) | 127 (51.8) | 1 | NA | ||
| 5–14 | 160 (47.9) | 174 (52.1) | 0.97 (0.40–2.34) | 0.947 | ||
| 15–24 | 63 (46.0) | 74 (54.0) | 0.18 (0.25–2.57) | 0.718 | ||
| >24 | 158 (46.1) | 185 (53.9) | 1.62 (0.61–4.34) | 0.332 | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 260 (49.4) | 266 (50.6) | 1 | NA | ||
| Female | 239 (44.8) | 294 (55.2) | 1.17 (0.60–2.27) | 0.664 | ||
| Family size | ||||||
| ≤5 | 149 (47.9) | 162 (52.1) | 1 | NA | ||
| >5 | 350 (46.8) | 398 (53.2) | 1.22 (0.59–2.51) | 0.593 | ||
| Educational status of head of household | ||||||
| No education | 228 (41.5) | 321 (58.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Read and write | 78 (52.3) | 71 (47.7) | 0.96 (0.28–3.38) | 0.951 | 0.88 (0.10–7.57) | 0.909 |
| Primary | 144 (52.9) | 128 (47.1) | 1.72 (0.77–3.84) | 0.188 | 1.85 (0.76–4.54) | 0.176 |
| Secondary and above | 47 (58.8) | 33 (41.2) | 2.88 (0.68–12.22) | 0.152 | 3.45 (0.61–19.59) | 0.162 |
| Occupational status of head of household | ||||||
| Farmer | 397 (46.8) | 452 (53.2) | 1 | NA | ||
| Others | 95 (47.7) | 104 (52.3) | 1.02 (0.75–2.33) | 0.652 | ||
| Wealth index | ||||||
| Poorest | 93 (44.0) | 109 (54.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Poor | 106 (46.3) | 123 (53.7) | 0.67 (0.24–1.85) | 0.441 | 1.70 (0.47–6.15) | 0.421 |
| Medium | 89 (42.4) | 121 (57.6) | 0.41 (0.09–1.85) | 0.247 | 0.70 (0.18–2.71) | 0.604 |
| Rich | 117 (52.9) | 104 (47.1) | 1.04 (0.19–5.79) | 0.966 | 1.69 (0.14–20.33) | 0.680 |
| Richest | 94 (47.7) | 103 (52.3) | 1.18 (0.24–5.86) | 0.841 | 1.67 (0.16–17.59) | 0.668 |
| Intervention arm | ||||||
| LLIN + IRS | 136 (47.2) | 152 (52.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| LLIN only | 112 (44.3) | 141 (55.7) | 0.35 (0.01–9.22) | 0.533 | 0.56 (0.23–1.38) | 0.208 |
| IRS only | 123 (47.1) | 138 (52.9) | 0.33 (0.01–8.58) | 0.508 | 0.45 (0.16–1.26) | 0.130 |
| Routine (control) | 128 (49.8) | 129 (50.2) | 0.41 (0.02–8.58) | 0.563 | 1.32 (0.48–3.62) | 0.595 |
| Distance from lake or river (km)* | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.30 (1.02) | 1.88 (1.38) | 33.67 (10.69–106.04)¥ | <0.001 | 41.32 (3.79–138.89)¥ | <0.001 |
n = number of malaria cases, OR = Odds ratio, NA = not applicable (P>0.25 in bivariate analysis), LLIN = long-lasting insecticidal nets, IRS = indoor residual spraying
*At village level: mean (SD) distance from potential breeding site for clusters = 1.40 (0.90), for non-clusters = 2.10 (1.51), unadjusted OR (95%CI) = 1.52 (1.11–2.04).
¥The reciprocal of the OR (95% CI) is presented to show the risk of proximity to a potential vector breeding site.