TABLE 2.
Median nutrient intakes from non–breast-milk foods among Kathmandu Valley children aged 12–23 mo, by USFB consumption tertile1
| All children (n = 745) | Low (n = 249) | Moderate (n = 248) | High (n = 248) | P 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy, kcal/d | 615 (439–855) | 666 (459–875) | 613 (462–802) | 594 (385–833) | 0.10 |
| Total fat, g/d | 19.9 (12.5–32.3) | 20.8 (13.3–33.0) | 20.0 (12.6–31.6) | 19.3 (11.8–32.2) | 0.98 |
| Total protein, g/d | 19.0 (12.3–28.5) | 23.5 (15.6–33.5)a | 18.9 (13.0–27.8)b | 15.7 (10.2–23.2)c | <0.001 |
| Calcium, mg/d | 245 (111–455) | 353 (184–566)a | 252 (112–455)b | 161 (67–314)c | <0.001 |
| Iron, mg/d | 3.5 (2.1–5.6) | 4.0 (2.6–6.6)a | 3.3 (2.3–5.0)b | 3.0 (1.7–5.0)b | <0.001 |
| Zinc, mg/d | 2.6 (1.6–4.0) | 3.3 (2.2–5.0)a | 2.5 (1.7–4.0)b | 1.8 (1.2–3.1)c | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 14.0 (5.0–32.2) | 17.1 (6.3–34.6)a | 15.1 (5.6–34.3)a,b | 9.5 (3.4–25.6)b | 0.004 |
| Vitamin A (RAE), μg/d | 122 (53–227) | 170 (88–301)a | 116 (54–226)b | 81 (31–171)c | <0.001 |
| Thiamin, mg/d | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7)a | 0.3 (0.2–0.5)b | 0.3 (0.2–0.5)b | 0.054 |
| Riboflavin, mg/d | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.8 (0.4–1.3)a | 0.6 (0.3–1.1)b | 0.5 (0.2–0.8)b | <0.001 |
| Niacin, mg/d | 4.1 (2.4–6.6) | 4.8 (2.9–7.4)a | 4.2 (2.5–6.7)b | 3.4 (2.1–5.8)b | 0.005 |
| Vitamin B-6, mg/d | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7)a | 0.4 (0.3–0.6)a | 0.3 (0.2–0.5)b | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B-12, μg/d | 0.7 (0.3–1.3) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5)a | 0.7 (0.3–1.3)b | 0.6 (0.2–1.0)b | <0.001 |
| Folate, μg/d | 57.2 (32.7–93.6) | 72.0 (43.3–120.9)a | 57.4 (34.1–90.6)b | 47.6 (25.2–71.2)c | <0.001 |
Values presented as median (IQR). ANOVA of log-transformed data with cluster adjustment used and Bonferroni post hoc tests conducted to compare between groups; labeled medians in a row without a common letter differ, P < 0.05. Low consumption = children in lowest tertile of percentage of total energy intake (%TEI) from unhealthy snack foods and beverages (USFBs) (mean = 5.2% TEI); moderate consumption = children in moderate tertile of %TEI from USFBs (mean = 21.5% TEI); high consumption = children in highest tertile of %TEI from USFBs (mean = 46.9% TEI). RAE, retinol activity equivalents.
Overall P value of effect of USFB consumption tertiles on nutrient intakes.