TABLE 3.
Nutritional status outcomes of Kathmandu Valley 12–23-month-olds, by tertiles of USFB consumption1
| All children | Low USFB consumption (5.2% TEI) | Moderate USFB consumption (21.5% TEI) | High USFB consumption (46.9% TEI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron status | ||||
| n | 681 | 222 | 227 | 232 |
| Hb, g/dL | 11.2 ± 1.1 | 11.2 ± 1.1 | 11.2 ± 1.2 | 11.1 ± 1.1 |
| Anemia (Hb <11.0 g/dL) | 37.7 (257) | 35.1 (78) | 39.2 (89) | 38.8 (90) |
| n | 672 | 216 | 224 | 232 |
| Serum ferritin, μg/L | 15.6 (8.8–24.6) | 14.8 (8.5–24.2) | 14.7 (8.7–25.1) | 16.8 (9.2–24.2) |
| Low serum ferritin (<12.0 μg/L) | 36.9 (248) | 38.0 (82) | 38.4 (86) | 34.5 (80) |
| TfR, mg/L | 8.6 (7.4–10.7) | 8.4 (7.4–11.0) | 8.7 (7.5–10.1) | 8.5 (7.3–10.8) |
| High TfR (>8.3 mg/L) | 56.1 (377) | 53.7 (116) | 59.4 (133) | 55.2 (128) |
| IDA | 28.7 (193) | 27.3 (59) | 30.4 (68) | 28.5 (66) |
| Anthropometric status | ||||
| n | 733 | 246 | 242 | 245 |
| LAZ | −0.93 ± 1.09 | −0.75 ± 1.15 | −0.93 ± 1.04 | −1.12 ± 1.06 |
| Stunting (LAZ less than −2) | 18.8 (138) | 15.9 (39) | 18.6 (45) | 22.0 (54) |
| WLZ2 | −0.42 ± 1.00 | −0.44 ± 1.08 | −0.43 ± 1.00 | −0.41 ± 0.93 |
| Wasting (WLZ less than −2)2 | 5.2 (38) | 6.1 (15) | 5.4 (13) | 4.1 (10) |
| Overweight/obese (WLZ >2)2 | 0.6 (4) | 0.4 (1) | 0.8 (2) | 0.4 (1) |
1
Tertiles of consumption based on percentage of total energy intake (TEI) from unhealthy snack foods and beverages (USFBs). Values presented as mean ± SD; median (IQR); or % (n). Hb, hemoglobin; IDA, iron deficiency anemia; LAZ, length-for-age z-score; TfR, soluble transferrin receptor; WLZ, weight-for-length z-score.
2
One WLZ value excluded as an outlier; n = 732 for all children and n = 245 for low-USFB consumption group.