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. 2019 Sep 30;9:13991. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50614-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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T_FH1-like cells activate B cells and induce antibody production. (A) B cells were cultured with the indicated cell population (3:1 B/T ratio) and activation status was assessed by flow cytometry analysis of GL7 and FAS expression. Shown is representative data from five independent experiments. (B) The percentage of activated B cells (FAS⁺GL7⁺ cells) as assessed by flow cytometry in ‘A’ (mean of n = 5 ± s.e.m.). (C) ELISA analysis of antibody production by B cells cultured with the indicated cell population (3:1 B/T ratio) for 5 days (mean OD of n = 5 ± s.e.m.). **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; one-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple-comparison test.