Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Sep 30;9:13990. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48238-6

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Proposed pathway for muscarinic targeting by i-Extract and promotion of dendrite growth. (A) Normal acetylcholine stimulation of dendritic outgrowth and memory. Acetylcholine (Ach) binds to M1 receptors in a stimulatory fashion. Downstream signaling upregulates KLK8 production. KLK8 cleaves L1CAM. Mature L1CAM drives preferential expression of MAP2c, which stimulates dendritic growth and normal memory. (B) Scopolamine disruption. Scopolamine inhibition of M1 receptor signaling disrupts dendritic health and memory through inhibition of KLK8 production. (C) i-Extract neuroprotection. i-Extract can exclude scopolamine, but beyond this, it stimulates activity of the M1 receptor in some fashion, either through acting agonistically on Ach binding or a more direct mechanism of i-E components. This stimulation then associates with increased expression of synaptic proteins like KLK8. KLK8 cleaves L1CAM, which enhances specific production of MAP2c, thus enhancing dendrite growth.