Table 1.

Drugs and drug candidates that were withdrawn from US and major European markets due to hepatotoxicity since 1990.

Drug	Drug class	Chemical taxonomy	Fraction of patients with liver test abnormalities	Year	Reference
Dilevalol	Antihypertensive	Salicylamide	2%	1990	(Chrisp and Goa, 1990)
Pirprofen	NSAID	Propionic acid	Case reports	1990	–
Bendazac	Ophthalmologic	Oxyacetic acid	Case reports	1993	–
Alpidem	Anxiolytic	Imidazopyridine	Case reports	1994	–
Tolrestat	Management of diabetic complications	Naphthalen	Case reports	1996	(Foppiano and Lombardo, 1997)
Bromfenac*	NSAID	Benzophenone	6%	1998	(Goldkind and Laine, 2006)
Tolcapone	Dopaminergic	Benzophenone	1–4%	1998	(Olanow and Panel, 2000)
Troglitazone	Antidiabetic	Thiazolidinedione	2%	2000	(Graham et al., 2001)
Nefazodone	Antidepressant	Phenylpiperazine	29 cases per 100,000 patient years	2003	(Spigset et al., 2003)
Pemoline	Psychostimulant	4-oxazolidinone	1–3%	2005	(Safer et al., 2001)
Ximelagatran	Antihypertensive	Dipeptide	0.8–4%	2006	(Francis et al., 2003; Petersen et al., 2003)
Lumiracoxib	NSAID	Aminotoluene	3%	2007	(Schnitzer et al., 2004)
Sitaxentan	Antihypertensive	Benzodioxole	6%	2010	(Benza et al., 2008)
Daclizumab	Interleukin inhibitor	Monoclonal antibody	6%	2018	(Kappos et al., 2015)

*Withdrawal pertains to the oral formulation. Bromfenac is still marketed as an ophthalmic solution.

NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Note that drugs that were only withdrawn in individual European countries are not listed here.