Table 4.

Overview of companies focusing on organotypic and microphysiological liver models.

Company	Type	Key references describing the model	Key references for hepatotoxicity applications
CN Bio	Liver chip	(Domansky et al., 2010; Vivares et al., 2014)	(Rowe et al., 2018)
Emulate	Liver chip	(Peel et al., 2019)	(Foster et al., 2019)
HepaPredict	Spheroids	(Bell et al., 2016; Vorrink et al., 2017)	(Bell et al., 2017; Vorrink et al., 2018)
Hepregen (now part of BioIVT)	MPCC	(Khetani and Bhatia, 2008; Nguyen et al., 2015)	(Khetani et al., 2013; Ware et al., 2015; Ware et al., 2017)
Hµrel	Liver chip	(Chao et al., 2009; Hegde et al., 2014)	(Novik et al., 2017)
InSphero	Spheroids	(Messner et al., 2013; Messner et al., 2018)	(Proctor et al., 2017)
Organovo	Bioprinting	(Nguyen et al., 2016; Norona et al., 2019)

Companies are shown in alphabetical order. Note that only references pertaining to primary human liver models are shown.