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. 2019 Sep 24;9:952. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00952

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The process of ctDNA generation. Risk factors such as alcohol abuse and exposure to carcinogens promote somatic mutations in both the liver and the pancreas, causing cancer. The cancer cells can release ctDNA in three ways; through apoptosis, necrosis, or secretion. This ctDNA enters the bloodstream and can be isolated through purification methods. The mutational profile of the ctDNA is then detected and analyzed.