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. 2019 Sep 24;10:2297. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02297

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Copyright © 2019 Cosin-Roger, Ortiz-Masià and Barrachina.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Macrophage-derived Wnt ligands and their relevance in homeostasis, regeneration, fibrosis and cancer. (A) Under normal conditions, macrophages act as a source of Wnt ligands. (B) When homeostasis is disturbed, Wnt ligands from macrophages and other cells can result in increased proliferation of epithelial cells. (C) Epithelial cells can transdifferentiate into fibroblasts (Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, EMT) under the influence of macrophage-derived Wnt ligands. This transition is accompanied by the progressive loss of typical epithelial cell markers and the acquisition of typical mesenchymal cell markers. (D) Tumor associated macrophages can activate Wnt epithelial cells through Wnt ligands and soluble factors different from Wnt ligands.