Figure 1.

Life cycles of an oak gall wasp (in this case, Melikaiella ostensackeni; pink), and the crypt keeper wasp, E. set (green). It is not known whether the larvae of E. set are ecto- or endoparasitic, so this illustration is intentionally ambiguous. Also, although the stage of adult attack is shown to be at the host's late larval stage, it is not yet known exactly when attack occurs. Artwork by Mona Luo.