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. 2019 Sep 30;9:14004. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50397-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) XPS spectra of as-synthesized C-QDs (wide scan) shows carbon and oxygen peaks, (B) XPS spectra of ground fennel powder (wide scan) depicts that the seeds are mainly composed of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, (C) XPS spectra of C 1 s spectrum of as-synthesized C-QDs, spectrum was de-convoluted into three significant peaks at 284.6 (C=C), 286.16 (C-O) and 287.2 eV (C=O), respectively, (D) XPS spectra of O 1 s spectrum of as-synthesized C-QDs, spectrum was de-convoluted into two significant peaks at 529.13 (phy-Adsorb) and 531.1 eV (isolated-OH/C=O/O-C=O) respectively.