| Methods |
Design: randomized controlled trial. Multicentre or single‐centre: not reported. Period: not reported. Sample size: not reported. Generation of allocation: not reported. Allocation concealment: not reported. Blinding of assessment of treatment effect: not reported. Withdrawals: not reported. Intention‐to‐treat analysis: not used. Follow up: until the fifth postoperative day |
| Participants |
70 participants. Sex (male/female): 39/31. Age (mean): 52.4 years. Setting: not reported. Inclusion criteria: patients undergoing elective surgery through upper abdominal incisions. Exclusion criteria: not reported |
| Interventions |
Spirometer group (n = 35) or physiotherapy group (n = 35) |
| Outcomes |
Pulmonary complications, temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, production of sputum, and use of analgesics were recorded |
| Notes |
|
| Risk of bias |
| Bias |
Authors' judgement |
Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
Not reported |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
Not reported |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias)
All outcomes |
Unclear risk |
Not reported |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias)
All outcomes |
Unclear risk |
Not reported |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)
All outcomes |
Unclear risk |
Not reported |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) |
Low risk |
Not reported |
| Other bias |
Unclear risk |
Conflict of interest: not reported |
