Demir 2002.

Methods	Single‐centre study in Turkey
Participants	27 patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery who did had no metastatic malignancy or secondary disease. All patients underwent a thoracic epidural
Interventions	No extra warming other than routine anaesthetic care (n = 9); rate and volume not stated Mixed amino acid solution (n = 9), infused at 143 mL/h; duration not stated but recordings until 4 hours All IV fluids warmed to 37°C until the end of anaesthesia (n = 9)
Outcomes	Rectal temperature as measured every 30 minutes during surgery
Notes	No useable data were provided: We tried to contact the study author but received no reply
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	'Randomly assigned'
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not stated
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not stated
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not stated
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No loss to follow‐up
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No evidence of this
Other bias	Low risk	None