Kelly 2000.

Methods	Single‐centre study in USA
Participants	24 ASA I and II patients aged 18 to 65 years undergoing spinal anaesthesia for arthroscopic knee surgery; 17 male, 3 female Exclusion criteria: patients who could not have a spinal, co‐existing disease that may affect temperature, recent use of antipyretics 4 participants were excluded from the final analysis
Interventions	Room temperature irrigation fluids (n = 12): surgical duration 45.6 ± 20.1 minutes, volume irrigated 11.7 ± 10.7 litres Irrigation fluids warmed to 40°C (n = 12): surgical duration 44.3 ± 22.6 minutes, volume irrigated 11.8 ± 11.0 litres Both groups were covered with cloth sheets and drapes and were given room temperature intravenous fluids
Outcomes	Tympanic temperature as measured every 15 minutes intraoperatively and for 1 hour postoperatively
Notes	Data were recorded as percentage change in temperature, so were not included in the analyses
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	'Random numbers table'
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	1 participant in the treatment group and 1 in the control group were excluded from the final analysis, as they required warming. 2 additional participants in the treatment group were excluded as they required tourniquet inflation
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No evidence of this
Other bias	Low risk	None