Shao 2012.

Methods	Single‐centre RCT in China
Participants	160 ASA I or II patients aged 18 to 60 years, scheduled for elective abdominal surgery Exclusions: abnormal temperature, systemic metabolic disease, infection, interruption of surgery for frozen section
Interventions	A total of 32 intervention groups were described, each with 5 patients who had a unique combination of the following 5 interventions: Heating of IV fluids to 37°C. Body wrap. Warmed, moist dressings at 37°C. Warmed irrigation fluids at 37°C. Heating blankets (Astropad Plus).
Outcomes	Nasopharyngeal and rectal temperature at end of surgery
Notes	Data provided for each of the 32 groups. We combined these to compare groups when the only difference was warmed intravenous fluids or surgical rinse
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	'Double blind was carried out by having one researcher seal each envelope containing warming instructions and then have the envelope opened by a second researcher, with the operation and warming method conducted according to the instructions'
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No loss to follow‐up
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No evidence of this
Other bias	Low risk	None