Xu 2010.

Methods	Single‐centre study from China
Participants	ASA I or II adult patients requiring general anaesthesia for abdominal surgery; 30 patients aged 18 to 65, 19 female, 11 male Exclusion criteria: thyroid disease, dysautonomia, malignant hyperthermia
Interventions	Room temperature intravenous fluids (n = 15): volume infused 2.1 ± 0.4 litres over 174 ± 14 minutes Intravenous fluids warmed to 37°C with hotline (n = 15): volume infused 2.0 ± 0.3 litres over 164 ± 11 minutes Both groups had unwarmed cotton blankets; operating temperature was maintained at 24°C and humidity at 30%
Outcomes	Tympanic temperature was recorded every 30 minutes, as was the incidence of shivering
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	'Random digits table'
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Observer evaluating shivering was blinded to the study; low risk for shivering, unclear for temperature
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No loss to follow‐up
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No evidence of this
Other bias	Low risk	None