Yamakage 2004.

Methods	Single‐centre study in Japan
Participants	20 patients (3 female, 17 male), ASA I or II undergoing urological surgery under general anaesthesia plus epidural Exclusion criteria: thyroid disease, dysautonomia, Raynaud's disease, malignant hyperthermia
Interventions	Unwarmed intravenous HES 1000 mL (n = 10) Prewarmed HES 1000 mL (n = 10)
Outcomes	Temperature measured every 5 minutes up to 60 minutes
Notes	All participants received 10 mL/kg unwarmed Ringer's lactate before removal of 800 to 1200 mL blood for haemodilution autotransfusion; subsequent 1000 mL hydroxy ethyl starch (HES) was then given at room temperature or prewarmed
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	'Randomly allocated by an envelope technique'
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not described
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No loss to follow‐up
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No evidence of this
Other bias	Low risk	None