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. 2019 Sep 13;20(18):4535. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184535

Figure 1.

Figure 1

DNA methylation and demethylation. DNA cytosine methylation is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) to form 5-methylcytosine (5mC). Then, it can be oxidized iteratively by ten-eleven translocation (TET) protein to develop to 5-hydromethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC), respectively. Finally, 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) can be demethylated into the cytosine through the catalysis of a series of enzymes. Figure modified from Kohli and Zhang (2013) [17].