Table 1.
Studies reporting phosphocreatine and total creatine levels in major depressive disorder.
| Study | Condition/Control | Brain Region | Change Compared to Controls |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31P-MRS Studies reporting phosphocreatine levels in MDD and Bipolar Disorder | |||
| Kato 1992 [129] | MDD-D/MDD-E | 30mm frontal axial slice | None |
| Kato 1994 [154] | BDII/HC | 30mm frontal axial slice | ↓ |
| BDI/HC | 30mm F axial slice | None | |
| Murashita 2000 [161] | BD/HC (+ PS) | OCC | ↓ after PS in BD except in lithium responders |
| Pettegrew 2002 [139] | MDD/HC | PFC | ↑ after treatment associated with AD response |
| Iosifescu 2008 [134] | MDD/HC | 20 mm-thick axial slice | None overall but ↓ baseline PCr in those who responded to T3 |
| Sikoglu 2013 [164] | BD/HC | FL | None |
| Weber 2013 [155] | BD-E/HC | L VLP FC | ↓ |
| Yuksel 2015 [163] | BD/HC (+ PS) | OCC | ↓ after PS in HC but not BD; no difference in PCr at baseline |
| Dudley 2016 [156] | BD/HC | WB WM | ↓ |
| Harper 2016 [137] | MDD/HC | WB WM, WB GM | ↑ |
| Harper 2017 [138] | MDD/HC | WB WM, WB GM | ↑ in GM, ↓ in WM |
| 1H-MRS Studies Reporting total creatine levels in MDD and Bipolar Disorder | |||
| Hamakawa 1999 [141] | BD-D/BD-E | L FL | ↓ |
| Auer 2000 [113] | MDD/HC | B A CC | None |
| Farchione 2000 [114] | MDD/HC | B DL PFC | None |
| Kumar 2002 [115] | MDD/HC | DL WM, ACC | None |
| Cecil 2003 [142] | BD-D/HC | CV | ↓ |
| Deicken 2003 [143] | BD- E/HC | B Hippo | ↓ |
| Gruber 2003 [123] | MDD/HC | L PF WM | ↑ |
| Michael 2003 [122] | MDD/HC | L AMG | None |
| Pfleiderer 2003 [117] | MDD/HC | L A CC | None |
| Dager 2004 [147] | BD/HC | FL WM, BG, Thal | tCr inversely correlated with depression severity |
| Brambilla 2005 [150] | BD/HC | L DL PFC | None |
| Mirza 2006 [120] | MDD/HC | B Thal | None |
| Frye 2007 [150] | BD-D/HC | A CC, M CC, M PFC | ↑ |
| Gabbay 2007 [124] | MDD/HC | L CN | ↑ |
| Moore 2007 [152] | BD/HC | B ACC | None |
| Olvera 2007 [151] | BD/HC | L DLPFC | None |
| Patel 2008 [149] | BD-D/HC | B VL PFC | ↑ |
| Port 2008 [144] | BD-D/HC | R CN | ↓ |
| Nery 2009 [125] | MDD/HC | L DL PFC | ↑ in women ↓ in men |
| Öngür 2009 [153] | BD-M/HC | B ACC and POC | None |
| Venkatraman 2009 [128] | MDD/HC | M PFC | ↓ |
| Caetano 2011 [147] | BD/HC | R M PFC, L DL PFC WM | ↓ |
| Portella 2011 [118] | MDD/HC | B VM PFC | None |
| McEwen 2012 [116] | PPD/HC | B M PFC | None |
| Özdel 2012 [145] | BD-E/HC | B M PFC | ↓ |
| Bradley 2016 [121] | MDD/HC | B CN, B Put, B Thal | None |
| Li 2016 [126] | MDD/HC | P CC | ↓ |
| Njau 2017 [127] | MDD/HC | SG ACC, D ACC | ↑ |
| Rosa 2017 [119] | PPD/HC | B A CC, L DL PFC | None |
A: anterior; AMG: amygdala; B: bilateral; BD: bipolar disorder; BD-D: bipolar, depressed state; BD-E: bipolar, euthymic state; BDI: bipolar disorder type I; BDII: bipolar disorder type II; BD-M: bipolar, manic or mixed state; BG: basal ganglia; CC: cingulate cortex; CV: cerebellar vermis; D: dorsal; DL: dorsolateral; FL: frontal lobes; GM: gray matter; HC: healthy controls; Hippo: hippocampus; Ins: insula; L: left; M: medial; MCC: middle cingulate cortex; MDE: major depressive episode; MDD: major depressive disorder; MDD-D: major depressive disorder, depressed state; MDD-E; major depressive disorder, euthymic state; M: medial; OCC: occipital cortex; OFC: orbitofrontal cortex; OL: occipital lobe; P: posterior; PCr: phosphocreatine; PFC: prefrontal cortex; POC: parieto-occipital cortex; PPD: post-partum depression; PS: photic stimulation; Put: putamen; R: right; SG: subgenual; tCr: total creatine (phosphocreatine + creatine); Thal: thalamus; TL: temporal lobes; T3: triiodothyronine; V: ventral; VL: ventrolateral; WB: whole brain; WM: white matter; ↑: significantly increased/higher; ↓: significantly reduced/lower.