Table 4.
Quality Assessment of included articles.
| Author(s) | Year | Objective Clearly Stated | Population Clearly Specified | Participation Rate ≥ 50% | Similar Populations | Sample Size Justification | Exposure Assessed Prior to Outcome Measurement | Sufficient Time Frame | Different Levels of Exposure | Exposure Measures Clearly Defined | Exposure(s) Assessed More Than Once over Time | Outcome Measure(s) Validated and Clearly Defined | Outcome Assessors Blinded | Follow Up Rate | Adjusted for Confounding Variables | Overall Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azeredo et al. | 2016 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | NA | - | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Fair |
| Basu et al. | 2016 | + | + | □ | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Beydoun et al. | 2008 | + | + | □ | + | - | - | - | - | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Bihan et al. | 2010 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Blitstein et al. | 2012 | + | - | □ | + | - | - | - | - | - | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Poor |
| Burgoine et al. | 2016 | + | + | □ | + | - | - | - | - | + | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Fair |
| Camacho-Rivera et al. | 2015 | + | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Chang et al. | 2015 | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NA | - | NA | NA | - | Poor |
| Colchero et al. | 2015 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | NA | + | NA | + | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Chrisinger et al. | 2018 | + | + | □ | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
| D’Angelo et al. | 2011 | + | + | □ | + | - | - | - | + | - | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Fair |
| Dubowitz et al. | 2015 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Duran et al. | 2014 | + | + | □ | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Gase et al. | 2014 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | - | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Fair |
| Gase et al. | 2016 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Fair |
| Gustafson et al. | 2011 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Gustafson et al. | 2017 | + | - | □ | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Ho et al. | 2009 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Fair |
| Jack et al. | 2013 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Jilcott Pitts et al. | 2015 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Jilcott Pitts et al. | 2016 | + | + | □ | + | - | - | - | - | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Jilcott Pitts et al. | 2018 | + | + | □ | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | +/- | NA | - | + | Good |
| Leischner et al. | 2018 | + | + | □ | + | - | - | - | + | - | NA | + | NA | NA | - | Fair |
| Longacre et al. | 2014 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Macdonald et al. | 2011 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Good |
| McInerney et al. | 2016 | + | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Menezes et al. | 2016 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Meyer et al. | 2014 | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | - | NA | + | + | Good |
| Nakamura et al. | 2015 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | NA | - | NA | +/ - | NA | NA | + | Fair |
| Pearce et al. | 2008 | + | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Powell et al. | 2009 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Powell et al. | 2011 | + | + | □ | + | - | - | - | - | + | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Fair |
| Rose et al. | 2004 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | - | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Fair |
| Rummo et al. | 2015 | + | + | + | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | +/- | NA | + | + | Good |
| Stephens et al. | 2011 | + | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | - | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Fair |
| Strome et al. | 2016 | + | + | □ | + | - | - | - | - | - | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Fair |
| Vaughan et al. | 2017 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | - | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Vericker et al. | 2013 | + | + | □ | + | - | + | + | + | - | + | - | NA | - | + | Fair |
| Virtanen et al. | 2015 | + | + | + | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Vogel et al. | 2016 | + | + | □ | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Good |
| Vogel et al. | 2017 | + | + | - | + | - | - | - | - | + | NA | - | NA | NA | + | Fair |
| Williams et al. | 2010 | + | + | - | + | - | - | - | + | + | NA | - | NA | NA | NA | Fair |
| Zenk et al. | 2009 | + | + | □ | + | - | - | - | - | + | NA | +/- | NA | NA | + | Good |
N.B. ‘+’ stands for a positive evaluation; ‘-‘ stands for a negative evaluation; ‘+/-’ stands for a neutral evaluation; ‘□’ means the information was not provided/found in the article; NA = not applicable.