Figure 2.
Schematic summarizing the molecular mechanisms contributing to cancer progression. EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; MAPK/ERK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated protein kinases; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B; NOX1, NADPH oxidase 1; PFK, phosphofructokinase; PI3K/AKT, phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SIRT1, sirtuin-1; STAT3, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.