Table 1.
Functional lncRNAs in skeletal muscle development and muscle disease.
| LncRNAs | Location | Function | Mechanism | Muscle Disease | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SYISL | Nucleus/ Cytoplasm |
Promotes proliferation, inhibits differentiation and muscle regeneration | Interacts with PRC2 | Unknown | [40] |
| Neat1 | Nucleus | Promotes proliferation and regeneration, inhibits differentiation | Interacts with EZH2 | Unknown | [14] |
| Malat1 | Nucleus | Inhibits differentiation and regeneration | Interacts with Suv39h1 | Unknown | [41] |
| Linc-YY1 | Nucleus | Promotes differentiation and regeneration | Interacts with YY1/PRC2 | Unknown | [42] |
| Linc-RAM | Nucleus/ Cytoplasm |
Promotes muscle growth and regeneration | Interacts with MyoD | Unknown | [43] |
| Dum | Nucleus/ Cytoplasm |
Promotes differentiation and regeneration | Interacts with Dnmts | Unknown | [44] |
| Myolinc | Nucleus | Promotes differentiation and regeneration | Interacts with TDP-43 | Unknown | [45] |
| Myoparr | Nucleus | Inhibits proliferation, promotes differentiation | Interacts with Ddx17/PCAF | Muscle atrophy | [46] |
| Irm | Nucleus | Promotes differentiation and regeneration | Interacts with MEF2D | Unknown | [47] |
| MUNC | Nucleus | Promotes differentiation | Induces MyoD, MyoG, Myh3 expression | Unknown | [48,49] |
| Meg3 | Nucleus | Promotes skeletal development during embryogenesis | Interacts with PRC2 | Unknown | [50,51] |
| SRA | Nucleus | Promotes differentiation | Assembly of p68/p72/MyoD coregulators | Unknown | [52] |
| Lnc-MD1 | Cytoplasm | Promotes differentiation | MiR-133, miRNA-135 molecular sponge | Muscle atrophy | [53] |
| MAR1 | Promotes differentiation and muscle growth | MiR-487b molecular sponge | Muscle atrophy | [54,55] | |
| Lnc-mg | Nucleus/ Cytoplasm |
Promotes differentiation and regeneration | MiR-125b molecular sponge | Muscle hypertrophy | [56,57] |
| Linc-smad7 | Nucleus/ Cytoplasm |
Inhibits proliferation, promotes differentiation and regeneration | MiR-125b molecular sponge | Unknown | [58,59] |
| AK017368 | Nucleus/ Cytoplasm |
Promotes proliferation, inhibits differentiation | MiR-30c molecular sponge | Muscle hypertrophy | [60,61] |
| Yam1 | Nucleus/ Cytoplasm |
Inhibits differentiation | Activates miR-715 expression | Unknown | [62] |
| m1/2sbs-RNAs | Cytoplasm | Regulates myogenesis | STAU1-mediated degradation of mRNA | Unknown | [63] |
| LncMyoD | Nucleus/ Cytoplasm |
Promotes differentiation | Competitively binds to IMP2 protein | Unknown | [58] |
| Lnc-31 | Nucleus/ Cytoplasm |
Promotes proliferation, inhibits differentiation | Interacts with ROCK1/YB-1 | Muscle atrophy | [64,65] |
| Myoregulin | SR/ER membrane | Reduces muscle performance | Binds to SERCA and inhibits its activity | Unknown | [66] |
| DWORF | SR membrane | Improves muscle contraction capacity | Binds to SERCA and increases its activity | Unknown | [67] |
| Myomixer | Membrane | Promotes fusion and regeneration and muscle formation during embryogenesis | Interacts with Myomaker | Unknown | [68,69,70,71] |
| LINC00961 | Endosome/ Lysosome |
Inhibits muscle regeneration | Interacts with the lysosomal v-ATPase | Unknown | [72,73] |
| H19 | Nucleus/ Cytoplasm |
Regulates differentiation and regeneration | Interacts with PRC2 or KSRP, miR-let7 molecular sponge, encodes miR-675 | Muscle hypertrophy |
[51,74,75,76,77,78,79] |
| Sirt1 AS lncRNA | Nucleus/ Cytoplasm |
Promotes proliferation, inhibits differentiation | MiR-34a molecular sponge, stabilizes Sirt1 mRNA | Unknown | [80] |
| LncIRS1 | Nucleus/ Cytoplasm |
Promotes proliferation and differentiation | MiR-15 molecular sponge | Muscle atrophy | [81] |
| LncMUMA | Promotes differentiation | MiR-672 molecular sponge | Muscle atrophy | [82] | |
| DBE-T | Nucleus | De-repressed muscle dystrophin mRNA isoforms | Interacts with ASH1L protein | Muscle atrophy | [83,84] |
| Atrolnc-1 | Promotes muscle wasting | Interacts with ABIN-1 | Muscle atrophy | [85] | |
| Chornos | Inhibits muscle hypertrophy | Interacts with EZH2 | Muscle hypertrophy | [86] |