Table 3.
Period-specific micronutrient intake from food alone in comparison with dietary reference intakes.
| 3rd Trimester of Pregnancy | 3 Months Postpartum | 6 Months Postpartum | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | %Below EAR | %Above UL | Mean ± SD | %Below EAR | %Above UL | Mean ± SD | %Below EAR | %Above UL | Overall p-Value a | |
| Vitamin D IU/day | 292 ± 128 | 75 | 0 | 252 ± 116 | 86 | 0 | 236 ± 105 | 93 | 0 | 0.06 |
| Iron, mg/day | 14.8 ± 3.7 | 96 | 0 | 14.9 ± 3.3 | 0 | 0 | 14.0 ± 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.09 |
| Folate, µg DFE/day | 518 ± 151 | 57 | - | 519 ± 130 | 36 | - | 474 ± 125 | 43 | - | 0.11 |
| Folic acid, µg/day | 136 ± 75 | - | 0 | 151 ± 67 | - | 0 | 134 ± 66 | - | 0 | 0.28 |
| Vitamin B6, mg/day | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 32 | 0 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 36 | 0 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 50 | 0 | 0.13 |
| Magnesium, mg/day | 424 ± 79 | 4 | - | 399 ± 99 | 7 | - | 400 ± 100 | 11 | - | 0.12 |
| Vitamin A, µg RAE/day | 975 ± 371 | 7 | 0 | 817 ± 317 | 68 | 0 | 752 ± 334 | 71 | 0 | 0.005 |
| Zinc, mg/day | 13.8 ± 3.9 | 7 | 0 | 12.2 ± 3.6 | 32 | 0 | 12.4 ± 3.9 | 36 | 0 | 0.06 |
| Calcium, mg/day | 1560 ± 453 | 0 | 0 | 1252 ± 386 | 18 | 0 | 1217 ± 377 | 18 | 0 | 0.002 |
| Vitamin C, mg/day | 148 ± 73 | 11 | 0 | 109 ± 58 | 25 | 0 | 108 ± 53 | 43 | 0 | 0.03 |
| Thiamin, mg/day | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 4 | - | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 7 | - | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 14 | - | 0.01 |
| Vitamin B12, µg/day | 5.8 ± 2.6 | 0 | - | 4.8 ± 1.7 | 7 | - | 4.7 ± 1.7 | 11 | - | 0.09 |
| Riboflavin, mg/day | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 0 | - | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 0 | - | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 7 | - | 0.004 |
| Niacin, mg NE/day | 46.1 ± 9.0 | 0 | - | 47.0 ± 9.4 | 0 | - | 45.9 ± 11.3 | 0 | - | 0.70 |
| Pantothenic acid, mg/day | 6.9 ± 1.6 | - | - | 6.4 ± 1.5 | - | - | 6.4 ± 1.6 | - | - | 0.18 |
| Phosphorus, mg/day | 1768 ± 362 | 0 | 0 | 1614 ± 346 | 0 | 0 | 1549 ± 354 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 |
| Sodium, mg/day | 3303 ± 893 | - | 86 | 3229 ± 921 | - | 86 | 3236 ± 1107 | - | 79 | 0.93 |
| Manganese, mg/day | 4.3 ± 1.3 | - | 0 | 4.1 ± 1.2 | - | 0 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | - | 0 | 0.17 |
| Selenium, µg/day | 136 ± 27 | 0 | 0 | 137 ± 34 | 0 | 0 | 136 ± 49 | 0 | 0 | 0.99 |
| Copper, mg/day | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 4 | 0 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 4 | 0 | 0.50 |
ap-value for repeated measures ANOVA performed to assess variations in micronutrient intake across periods. When no EAR or UL was established for a nutrient, the “-” is used instead of a 0. EAR: estimated average requirements; UL: upper intake limit; DFE: dietary folate equivalent; RAE: retinol activity equivalents; NE: niacin equivalent.