Table 5.
Period-specific total micronutrient intake (including food sources and supplements) in comparison with dietary reference intakes.
| 3rd Trimester of Pregnancy | 3 Months Postpartum | 6 Months Postpartum | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | %Below EAR | %Above UL | Mean ± SD | %Below EAR | %Above UL | Mean ± SD | %Below EAR | %Above UL | Overall p-Value a | |
| Vitamin D IU/day | 841 ± 776 | 11 | 4 | 684 ± 848 | 36 | 4 | 586 ± 846 | 57 | 4 | 0.001 |
| Iron, mg/day | 45.5 ± 32.7 | 18 | 39 | 33.8 ± 18.5 | 0 | 25 | 26.7 ± 15.7 | 0 | 14 | 0.03 |
| Folate, µg DFE/day | 1175 ± 993 | 18 | - | 1608 ± 2039 | 18 | - | 1095 ± 1045 | 21 | - | 0.30 |
| Folic acid, µg/day | 793 ± 999 | - | 46 | 1240 ± 1991 | - | 61 | 755 ± 1023 | - | 46 | 0.29 |
| Vitamin B6, mg/day | 6.1 ± 4.2 | 4 | 0 | 14.1 ± 46.9 | 14 | 4 | 3.8 ± 3.7 | 32 | 0 | 0.01 |
| Magnesium, mg/day | 474 ± 81 | 0 | 0 | 429 ± 106 | 7 | 0 | 420 ± 106 | 11 | 0 | 0.01 |
| Vitamin A, µg RAE/day | 1473 ± 607 | 4 | 0 | 924 ± 356 | 54 | 0 | 838 ± 360 | 54 | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Zinc, mg/day | 23.1 ± 7.3 | 0 | 0 | 19.1 ± 8.6 | 18 | 4 | 17.1 ± 8.1 | 25 | 0 | 0.001 |
| Calcium, mg/day | 1779 ± 471 | 0 | 4 | 1415 ± 387 | 11 | 0 | 1330 ± 433 | 14 | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin C, mg/day | 229 ± 70 | 4 | 0 | 171 ± 86 | 25 | 0 | 151 ± 78 | 25 | 0 | 0.001 |
| Thiamin, mg/day | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 0 | - | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 0 | - | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 7 | - | 0.001 |
| Vitamin B12, µg/day | 11.2 ± 5.7 | 0 | - | 8.8 ± 6.1 | 4 | - | 7.2 ± 4.6 | 7 | - | 0.002 |
| Riboflavin, mg/day | 4.5 ± 1.5 | 0 | - | 3.8 ± 1.6 | 0 | - | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 4 | - | 0.0002 |
| Niacin, mg NE/day | 61.7 ± 12.2 | 0 | 0 | 58.1 ± 15.2 | 0 | 4 | 53.4 ± 15.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 |
| Pantothenic acid, mg/day | 11.6 ± 2.9 | - | - | 9.9 ± 3.4 | - | - | 8.9 ± 3.6 | - | - | 0.001 |
| Phosphorus, mg/day | 1177 ± 349 | 0 | 0 | 1614 ± 346 | 0 | 0 | 1549 ± 354 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 |
| Sodium, mg/day | 3303 ± 893 | - | 86 | 3229 ± 921 | - | 86 | 3236 ± 1107 | - | 79 | 0.93 |
| Manganese, mg/day | 5.4 ± 1.2 | - | 0 | 4.8 ± 1.4 | - | 0 | 4.5 ± 1.1 | - | 0 | 0.002 |
| Selenium, µg/day | 150 ± 31 | 0 | 0 | 148 ± 38 | 0 | 0 | 145 ± 55 | 0 | 0 | 0.91 |
| Copper, mg/day | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 4 | 0 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 4 | 0 | 0.02 |
ap-value for repeated measures ANOVA performed to assess variations in micronutrient intake across periods. When no EAR or UL was established for a nutrient, the “-” is used instead of a 0. EAR: estimated average requirements; UL: upper intake limit; DFE: dietary folate equivalent; RAE: retinol activity equivalents; NE: niacin equivalent.