Table 1.

Classification of polyphenols, chemical structure, molecular formula and their dietary source availability.

Polyphenols	Dietary Source	* Chemical Structure	** Molecular Formula	References
Apigenin	Grapefruit, parsley, onion, orange, tea and wheat sprouts		C15H10O5	[63]
Anacardic Acid	Cashew nuts		C22H36O3	[64]
Biochanin	Red clove, chickpea, clover sprout and kidney beans		C16H12O5	[65,66,67]
Butein	Rhus verniciflua, Caesalpinia sappan and Carthamus tinc-torius		C15H12O5	[68,69]
Catechin	Green tea, apples, blackberries, dark chocolate and red wine		C15H14O6	[70]
Cyanidin	Acai berry, bilberry, blackberry, cranberry and raspberry		C15H11O6+	[71]
Curcumin (CUR)	Turmeric		IC21H20O6 or C21H20O6	[72]
Caffeic Acid	Coffee and olive oil		C9H8O4	[73]
Cholorogenic Acid	Pomegranate and berries		C16H18O9	[74]
Capsaicin	Chili peppers		C18H27NO3	[75]
Daidzein	Soybeans and tofu		C15H10O4	[76,77]
Delphinidin	Cereal grains		C15H11CIO7	[78]
Diosmetin	Vetch		C16H12O6	[79]
Ellagic Acid	Blackberries, raspberries and pomegranate		C14H6O8	[80]
Epicatechin	Milk, chocolates, and commercial reduced fat		C15H14O6	[81]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)	Green tea		C22H18O11	[70]
Gallic Acid	Pomegranate, nuts and green tea		C7H6O5	[82]
Genistein	Fats, oils, beef, red clover, soybeans, and fava beans		C15H10O5	[83,84]
Gnetol	Gnetum ula, gnetum gnemon, trees, shrubs and lianas		C14H12O4	[85]
Hesperidin	Bitter orange, petit grains, orange, lime and lemon		C28H34O15	[86]
Isoliquiritigenin	Rose petals		C15H12O4	[87]
Kaempferol	Apples, grapes, tomatoes, green tea, potatoes, onions and broccoli		C15H10O6	[88]
Licochalcone A	Cranberry		C21H22O4	[89]
Luteolin	Celery, broccoli, green pepper, parsley, thyme, dandelion, perilla and chamomile tea		C15H10O6	[90,91]
Macluraxanthone	Maclura tinctoria (Hedge apple) and dyer’s mulberry		C23H22O6	[92]
Myricetin	Vegetables, fruits, nuts, berries, tea and red wine		C15H10O8	[93]
Naringenin	Grapes		C15H12O5	[94]
Oxyresveratrol	Morus alba and artocarpus lakoocha		C14H12O4	[95]
Peonidin	Cranberries, blueberries, plums, cherries and sweet potatoes		C16H13O6+	[96]
Piceatannol	Berries, grapes, rhubarb (rheum), passion fruit (passiflora) and white tea.		C14H12O4	[97]
Pterostilbene	Blueberries and grapes		C16H16O3	[98]
Quercetin	Vegetables, fruits and beverages, spices, soups and fruit juices		C15H10O7	[99,100]
Resveratrol	Almonds, blueberries and grapes		C14H12O3	[98]
Rosemarinic Acid	Rosemary		C18H16O8	[101]
Rutin	Citrus fruits, apple, berries and peaches		C27H30O16	[92,102,103]
Scopoletin	Vinegar, dandelion and coffee		C10H8O4	[104]
Silibinin	Milk and artichokes		C25H22O10	[105,106]
Tangeretin	Citrus fruits		C20H20O7	[107]
Taxifolin	Vinegar		C15H12O7	[108]
Theaflavin	Tea leaves, black tea and oolong tea		C29H24O12	[109]
Tricin	Rice bran and sugarcane		C17H14O7	[110]
Xanthohumol	Hop plants		C21H22O5	[111]

* Chemical structures are drawn using ChemDraw software. ** Molecular formulas obtained through PubChem compound database.