Table 2.

Summary of observational evidence on the effect of the intake of dairy-derived saturated fatty acids on metabolic syndrome risk.

Reference	Population	Study Design	Adjustments	Risk Factors
				Hyperglycemia	Metabolic Syndrome (Risk or Prevalence)
Drehmer et al. (2015) [44]	Brazilian adults (10,010; 35–74 year old)	Cross-sectional		$\downarrow$	NA 1
Drehmer et al. (2016) [21]	Brazilian adults (n = 9835; 35–74 year old);	Cross-sectional		NA	$\downarrow$
Iggman et al. (2010) [42]	795 Swedish men (~71 year old)	Cross-sectional		$\leftrightarrow$ 2	NA
Kratz et al. (2014) [45]	American adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 17) and controls (n = 15)	Cross-sectional		$\leftrightarrow$	NA
Mayneris-Perxachs et al. (2014) [36]	Spanish adults, asymptomatic with cardiovascular disease risk (n = 427; 55–80 year old)	Cross-sectional		NA	$\leftrightarrow$
Santaren et al. (2014) [41]	Hispanic, African American, and non-Hispanic white American adults, free of type 2 diabetes at baseline (n = 659; 40–60 year old)	Cross-sectional		$\downarrow$	NA
Wanders et al. (2017) [43]	Dutch adults, overweight (n = 5675; 45–65 year old)	Cross-sectional		$\leftrightarrow$	NA

¹ Parameter not measured or reported. ² Results from parameters measured were a combination of results indicative of increased, decreased, and/or neutral risk.