Table 1.

Therapies targeting type I interferons (IFNs) and IFN signaling pathways in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Therapy	Mechanism of Action	Current Development Stage	Ref.
Rontalizumab	Humanized IgG1 mAb against IFN-α	Phase II, completed	[115]
Sifalimumab	Fully human IgG1 against IFN-α	Phase IIb, completed	[116]
AGS-009	Humanized IgG4 mAb against IFN-α	Phase I, completed	[117]
Anifrolumab	Fully human IgG1κ mAb against IFNAR1	Phase II (MUSE trial), completed Phase III (TULIP 1 and 2), completed	[118] NCT02446899 NCT02446912
IFN-α kinoid (IFN-K)	Therapeutic vaccine of IFN-α2b	Phase I/II, completed	[119]
Baricitinib	JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor	Phase II, completed Phase III, recruiting	[120] NCT03616964 NCT03616912
Tofacitinib	JAK1/JAK2/JAK3 inhibitor	Phase I, completed Phase I/II, recruiting	NCT02535689 NCT03288324
Ruxolitinib	JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor	Preclinical	[121]
CC-930	JAK1/JAK2/JAK3 inhibitor	Phase II, terminated (discoid lupus)	NCT01466725
GSK2586184	JAK1 inhibitor	Phase I, completed Phase II, terminated	NCT01687309 NCT01777256