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. 2019 Aug 27;8(9):990. doi: 10.3390/cells8090990

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© 2019 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Hypothesis of the cross-talk between cartilage/bone and ligaments in OA. A scheme of a sagittal section of the knee is shown depicting the interrelation of the joint tissues involved in OA. ACL: red, F: femur, H: Hoffa’s fad pad, brown, M: meniscus, P: patella, PCL: transected, pink, SF: synovial fluid, pale yellow, T: tibia, green: synovial membrane, gray: patellar tendon, ligament and joint capsule. BMP2: Bone morphogenetic protein, EV: extracellular vesicles, PG: proteoglycans, MKX: Mohawk, SCX: scleraxis, TGFβ: transforming growth factor β.