Table 4.
Multivariate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cardiometabolic biomarkers risk according to the percentage of energy from total sugar intake 1.
| Cardiometabolic Biomarker | Men (n = 3751) | Women (n = 3254) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| %Energy from Total Sugar ≤20 (n = 3404) |
%Energy from Total Sugar >20 (n = 347) |
%Energy from Total Sugar ≤20 (n = 2734) |
%Energy from Total Sugar >20 (n = 520) |
|
| Obesity 2 | ||||
| No. of case (%) | 1149 (33.8) | 128 (36.9) | 971 (35.5) | 188 (36.2) |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI) | 1.000 (ref) | 1.491 (1.162–1.914) | 1.000 (ref) | 1.143 (0.932–1.401) |
| High insulin 3 | ||||
| No. of case (%) | 822 (24.2) | 82 (23.6) | 903 (33.0) | 204 (39.2) |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI) | 1.000 (ref) | 0.945 (0.723–1.237) | 1.000 (ref) | 1.162 (0.953–1.417) |
| High HbA1c 4 | ||||
| No. of case (%) | 298 (8.8) | 27 (7.8) | 228 (8.3) | 40 (7.7) |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI) | 1.000 (ref) | 0.906 (0.592–1.385) | 1.000 (ref) | 0.898 (0.626–1.287) |
| High HOMA-IR5 | ||||
| No. of case (%) | 842 (24.7) | 80 (23.1) | 740 (27.1) | 159 (30.6) |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI) | 1.000 (ref) | 0.919 (0.701–1.204) | 1.000 (ref) | 1.075 (0.871–1.327) |
| High CRP 6 | ||||
| No. of case (%) | 92 (2.7) | 11 (3.2) | 54 (2.0) | 12 (2.3) |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI) | 1.000 (ref) | 1.263 (0.654–2.436) | 1.000 (ref) | 1.127 (0.590–2.152) |
| High LDL-cholesterol 7 | ||||
| No. of case (%) | 1100 (32.3) | 91 (26.2) | 885 (32.4) | 147 (28.3) |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI) | 1.000 (ref) | 0.908 (0.697–1.182) | 1.000 (ref) | 0.850 (0.685–1.054) |
| High AI 8 | ||||
| No. of case (%) | 371 (10.9) | 36 (10.4) | 211 (7.7) | 35 (6.7) |
| Multivariate OR (95% CI) | 1.000 (ref) | 0.999 (0.684–1.457) | 1.000 (ref) | 0.879 (0.601–1.287) |
1 Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate OR (95% CI) after adjusting for age (years), energy intake (kcal), residential location (Ansung and Ansan), educational level (elementary school, middle school/high school, college/graduate school), alcohol consumption (non-drinker, ex-drinker, current drinker), smoking behavior (non-smoker, ex-smoker, current smoker), physical activity (in days; none or ≥30 min/day), and menopausal status (“yes” or “no”; only women). 2 Obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). 3 High insulin (≥9 µIU/mL). 4 High HbA1c (≥6.5%). 5 high HOMA-IR ([fasting glucose × fasting insulin]/405; >2). 6 High CRP (>1 mg/dL). 7 High LDL-cholesterol (≥130 mg/dL). 8 High AI ([total cholesterol—HDL-cholesterol]/HDL-cholesterol; >5). HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment estimate of insulin resistance; CRP, c-reactive protein; AI, atherogenic index.