Figure 1.

Post-translational regulation of FOXO3a. (A) Schematic representation of FOXO3a domains (MPP-MIP motifs, consensus motifs for mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) and mitochondrial intermediate peptidase (MIP); forkhead domain, FH; nuclear localization signal, NLS, Kinase-inducible domain interacting domain binding domain, KIX; transactivation domain TAD). (B) Summary of FOXO3a post-translational modifications (PTMs). Depicted are the most important upstream signals (AKT8 virus oncogene cellular homolog, AKT; serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase, SGK;5′-AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK; c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK; extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK, SET domain protein 9, SET9) regulating FOXO3a subcellular localization and activity through reversible PTMs, which include phosphorylation (blue circle) and methylation (green circle) on specific amino acid residues (T, threonine; S, serine; K, methionine).