Table 1.

Effects of meat components intake–in vivo studies performed on humans.

Component	Experimental Model	Study Group	Treatment	Effects	Reference
Acetyl-l-carnitine	Randomized, phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Patients with hypertension, T2DM and dyslipidemia on background statin therapy (n = 229) were randomized to the placebo (n = 113) and acetyl-l-carnitine (n = 116) groups.	2000 mg acetyl-l-carnitine/d (2 × 1000 mg capsules) for 6 months	BW↔, BMI↔, SBP↓, DBP↔, mean BP↓, glucose↔, HbA1c↑, insulin↔, HOMA-IR↓, GDR↔, TC↑, HDL↓, LDL↔, TG↔, Lp(a)↔, serum creatinine ↔, albuminuria↔, GFR↔	Parvanova et al. [9]
l-carnitine (Eva Pharma, Egypt)	Parallel randomized controlled prospective	T2DM patients on glimepiride (n = 72) were randomized to glimepiride group (n = 34), and glimepiride + l-carnitine group (n = 38).	2 g l-carnitine/d (1 g twice daily) for 6 months	BMI↔, SBP↔, DBP↔, fasting glucose↓, postprandial blood glucose↓, HbA1c↓, insulin↓, HOMA-IR↓, IRAPe↑, TNF-α↓, Visfatin↓, TC↓, TG↓, HDL↑, LDL↓	El-sheikh, El-Haggar and Elbedewy [10]
l-carnitine commercially available capsules (New Health Taiwan Co., Ltd.).	Single blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled trial	Patients with coronary artery disease (n = 47) were randomly assigned to the placebo (n = 24) and l-carnitine (n = 23) groups.	1000 mg l-carnitine/d (2 × 500 mg capsules) for 12 weeks	• CRP↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓; • levels of inflammation markers were negatively correlated with the levels of LC and antioxidant enzymes activities (SOD, GPx);	Lee et al. [11]
L-carnitine Commercially available capsules (New Health Taiwan Co., Ltd.).	Single blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled trial	Patients with coronary artery disease (n = 47) were randomly assigned to the placebo (n = 24) and L-carnitine (n = 23) groups.	1000 mg l-carnitine/d (2 × 500 mg capsules) for 12 weeks	• CAT↑, GPx↑, SOD↑, MDA↓, l-carnitine↑ • level of L-carnitine was significantly correlated with CAT and SOD activities	Lee et al. [12]
l-carnitine tablets (Ultimate Nutrition Company, USA) Coenzyme Q10 soft gel (Vitane’s Nature Company, USA)	Randomized controlled single center clinical trial	Type 2 diabetes patients (n = 75) who treated with oral antidiabetic drugs metformin and sulfonylurea) were randomly assigned into l-carnitine, coenzyme Q10 and control groups.	l-carnitine 1000 mg tablet once daily for 8 weeks	glucose↓, HbA1c↔, TC↓, LDL↓, HDL↔, Lp(a)↓	Mohammed-Jawad et al. [13]
			150 mg coenzyme Q10 soft gel daily (2 × 75 mg) for 8 weeks	glucose↓, HbA1c↓, TC↓, LDL↓, HDL↔, Lp(a)↓
l-carnitine (Lanling Pharmaceutical CO., LTD, China)	Randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical study	Patients with MetS (n = 30) were randomly allocated into l-carnitine (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups	4 g l-carnitine infusion daily (2 g twice a day) for 7 days	• BW↓, BMI↓, WC↓, HC↓, WHR↓, SBP↔, DBP↔, TC↔,TG↓, HDL↓, LDL↑, ApoA1↓, ApoB↑, ApoA1/ ApoB↓, Lp(a)↑, glucose↓, insulin↓, HOMA-IR↓, CRP↔, UA↑, FFA↑, AST↑, ALT↔, GGT↓ • hunger score in the L-carnitine group was decreased. • reduction physical and mental fatigue and fatigue severity scores during starvatio: improved physical fatigue (l-carnitine vs. control, p < 0.001), mental fatigue (l-carnitine vs. control, p = 0.001), and fatigue severity (l-carnitine vs. control, p < 0.001).	Zhang et al. [14]
Carnosine (Flamma S.p.A, Italy)	Pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Overweight and obese, non-diabetic individuals (n = 30), were assigned to carnosine and placebo groups	2 g/day (2 × 1 g) for 12 weeks	adipsin↔, leptin↔, resistin↓	Baye et al. [15]
l-Carnosine capsules (NOW FOODS Company for Natural Products manufactured by GMP Pharma, USA)	Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial	Patients (n = 90) with type 1 diabetes, aged 9 to 18 years with at least 5 years disease duration, active diabetic nephropathy in the form of microalbuminuria were randomly assigned into carnosine (n = 45), or matching placeb group (n = 45). Patients in both groups received oral captopril 25 mg tablet	1 g/d (2 × 500 mg capsule) administered orally for 3 months	BW↔, BMI↔, SBP↔, DBP↔, glucose↔, TG↓, TC↓, HDL↑, HbA1c↓, creatinine↔, UACR↓, Alpha 1-microglobulin↓, TAC↑, MDA↓, serum carnosine↑	Elbarbary et al. [16]
l-Carnosine capsules (Myprotein, UK and Ireland)	Double-blind, randomized, parallel-design, clinical trial	Oral agents for controlling hyperglycemia (n = 54) were randomly assigned into carnosine (n = 27) and placebo (n = 27) group	1 g/d (2 × 500 mg capsules) after a meal for 12 weeks	BW↔, BMI↔, WC↔, BFM↓, FFM↑, SBP↓, DBP↔, glucose↓, HbA1c↓, insulin↓, HOMA-IR↔, HOMA-β↔, TG↓, TC↔, LDL↔, HDL↔, CML↓, pentosidine↓, s-RAGE↔, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β↔	Houjeghani, Kheirouri, Faraji and Jafarabadi [17]
l-Carnosine capsules (Myprotein, UK and Ireland)	Double-blind, randomized, parallel designed, clinical trial	Patients with T2DM, using only oral agents for controlling hyperglycemia (n = 54) were randomly assigned into carnosine (n = 27) and placebo (n = 27) group	1 g/d (2 × 500 mg capsules) after a meal for 12 weeks	glucose↓, CAT↑, SOD↔, MDA↓, PC↓	Houjeghani, Kheirouri, Faraji et al. [18]
Coenzyme Q10 (Zahravi Company, Iran)	Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial	Diabetic hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned into coenzyme Q10 (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) groups	120 mg coenzyme Q10/d (60 mg twice a day) for 12 weeks	TAC↑, GSH↔, MDA↔, CRP↓, NO↑	Fallah, Askari, Soleimani et al. [19]
Coenzyme Q10 soft gel (BY-Health Co Ltd., China)	Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial	Dyslipidemic subjects without taking any hypoglycemic or hypolipidemic drugs (n = 101) were randomly assigned to the placebo (n = 50) or coenzyme Q10 (n = 51) groups.	120 mg coenzyme Q10 daily (2 softgels 30 mg coenzyme Q10 each twice a day) for 24 weeks	BW↔, HC↓, WC↔, BMI↓, SBP↓, DBP↓, TC↔, TG↓, LDL↓, HDL↔, non HDL↔, ApoA1↑, ApoB↔, ApoA1/ApoB↑, glucose↓, insulin↓, HOMA-IR↓, CRP↔, TAC↑, AST↔, ALT↔, GGT↔, urea↔, creatinine↔, UA↔	Zhang, Yang, Guoet al. [20]
Coenzyme Q10 commercially available capsules (New Health Taiwan Co., Ltd., Taiwan)	Single blinded, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled study	Patients with coronary artery disease with statins therapy for at least 1 month (n = 51) were randomly assigned to the placebo (n = 24) or coenzyme Q10 (n = 27) groups.	300 mg coenzyme Q10/d for 12 weeks	coenzyme Q10↑, vitamin E↑, SOD↑, CAT↑, GPx↑, CRP↔, TNF-α↓, IL-6↔, adiponectin↔	Lee, Tseng, Yen and Lin [21]
Conjugated linoleic acid - CLA free fatty acids (FFA): cis-9, trans-11 isomer (39 g/100 g) and the trans-10, cis-12 isomer (41 g/100 g) - CLA triacylglycerols: cis-9, trans-11 isomer (38 g/100 g) and the trans-10, cis-12 isomer (38 g/100 g) (Natural Lipids, Norway)	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study	Healthy overweight volunteer men and women with BMI 25–30 kg/m2 (n = 180) were randomly assigned to placebo (n = 59), CLA-FFA (n = 61) or CLA-triacylglycerol (n = 60)	4.5 g 80% CLA-FFA (3.6 g active CLA isomers) or 4.5 g 76% CLA triacylglycerols (3.4 g active isomers) for 12 months	BW↓, BMI↓, BFM↓, LBM↑, BMM↓, diet daily intake↓, HbA1c↑, glucose↔, TG↔, TC↔, HDL↓, LDL↓, Lp(a)↑, leukocytes↑, thrombocytes↑, ALT↔, AST↑	Gaullier, Halse, Høye et al. [22]
Conjugated linoleic acid CLA80:20 capsules (Stepan Specialty Products BV, Netherlands) each containing 1 g of oil and 0.05% v/v Tocoblend TM L50 IP (IOI Loders Croklaan, NL) as anti-oxidant	Double-blind, randomized, cross-over, baseline, and placebo controlled human intervention study	Healthy subjects at low and moderate cardiovascular risk (n = 45) assigned to placebo (n = 23) or CLA (n = 22) groups	Four capsules daily for two weeks, crossing over to the other treatment arm after a wash-out of at least four weeks. The dose (4 g/day) provided 2.5 g/day 9c,11t-CLA or 1.1% of energy	• plasma FA: 16:0↔, 18:0↔, 18:1 t11↔, 18:1 c9↔, 18:2 n6↔, 9c,11t-CLA↑, 10t,12c-CLA↑, 9c,11t+10t,12c-CLA↑, 18:3 n3↔, 18:3 n6↔, 20:3 n6↔, 20:4 n6↔, 20:5 n3↔, 22:6 n3↔	Bachmair, Wood, Keizer et al. [23]
Conjugated linoleic acid (Tonalin® WDP 60) cis-9, trans-11; trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers (50:50 ratios)	Double blind, randomized and placebo controlled study	Healthy sedentary slightly overweight (n = 18), were randomly assigned to CLA (n = 9) and (n = 9) placebo groups	3 g CLA 3 times dailyfor 30 days	WC↔, HC↔, BFM↔, LMB↔, BMI↔, VO2 peak↔, TC↔, TG↓, VLDL↓, LDL↓, HDL↔, ApoA↔, ApoB↔, ApoB/ApoA↔, leptin↓, glucose↔, insulin↓, HOMA-IR↔, BChE↓, lipoprotein lipase↑	Bulut, Bodur, Colak and Turnagol [24]
Conjugated linoleic acid CLA mixture containing 38.57% of cis-9, trans-11 isomers, and 39.76% of trans-10, cis-12 isomers, in an equal proportion (50:50) (Idealfarma, Brazil)	Placebo-controlled and randomized clinical trial	Women with diagnosed MetS (n = 14) assigned to placebo (n = 7) or glutathione (n = 7) groups	3 g CLA/day added to strawberry jam for 90 days	glucose↔, insulin↓, HOMA-IR↔, TG↔, TC↔, LDL↔, HDL↔, SBP↔, DBP↔, BFM↓, BW↔, BMI↔, WC↓	Carvalho, Uehara and Rosa [25]
Conjugated linoleic acid CLA mixture of the bioactive isomers 50% cis-9, trans-11 and 50% trans-10, cis-12 (Tonalin)	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	Overweight and grade I obese subjects (n = 80) divided to CLA (n = 40) and placebo (n = 40) groups	1.7 g CLA in 200 mL of sterilized milk twice a day for 12 weeks	BW↓, BMI↓, LBM↔, BFM↓, WHR↓, internal organ fat↔, SFM↓, GOT↔, GPT↔, TC↔, TG↔, HDL↔, LDL↔, glucose↔, SBP↔, DBP↔	Chen, Lin, Huang et al. [26]
Conjugated linoleic acid - 50:50 mixture of trans 10, cis 12 and cis 9, trans 11 CLA (Clarinol® G-80, Lipid Nutrition) - cis 9, trans 11 (Lipid Nutrition)	Double-blinded, 3-phase crossover clinical trial, placebo-controlled trial	Healthy, overweight, hypercholesterolemic, male volunteers (n = 28)	- 3.5 g/d of a 50:50 mixture of t10, c12 and c9, t11 CLA oil (Clarinol G-80, containing 2.8 g of total CLA) - 3.5 g/d of c9, t11 CLA (c9, t11 CLA oil, containing 2.7 g of total CLA) 3 treatment phases of 8 consecutive weeks each alternated with 4 weeks washout periods	BW↔, BMI↔, BFM↔, LBM↔, TC↔, TG↔, VLDL↔, LDL↔, HDL↔, CRP↔, TNF-α↔, IL-6↔, HOMA-IR↔, adiponectin↔, Ox-LDL↔	Joseph, Jacques Plourde et al. [27]
Creatine monohydrate	Double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial	Men and women prediagnosed with T2DM, physically inactive for at least 1 yr (n = 28), were randomly assigned to the placebo (n = 14) and creatine (n = 14) groups	5 g/d single dose during lunch for 12 weeks	• HbA1c↓, glucose↓, AUC glucose↓, insulin↔, C-peptide↔, total GLUT-4↔, membrane GLUT-4↑, membrane/total GLUT-4↑, glucose/insulin↔, HOMA-IR↔, HOMA- β ↔, TC↔, TG↔, VLDL↔, LDL↔, HDL↔, apoA1↔, apoA2↔, apoE↔, apoB↔, L(a)↔ • no significant differences were observed between the groups for any physical capacity variable	Gualano, De Salles Painneli, Roschel et al. [28]
Glutathione Setria® capsules (Kyowa Hakko USA)	Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial	Healthy non-smokers, not taking antioxidant supplements for at least 1 month (n = 61) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment GSH low dose (n = 20), GSH high dose (n = 20) and placebo (n = 21)	250 mg/d orally (2 × 125 mg capsules) or 1000 mg/day orally (2 × 500 mg capsules) for 6 months	whole-blood GSH↑, erythrocyte GSH↑, plasma GSH↑, lymphocytes GSH↑, buccal cells GSH↑, (GSSG+GSSP):GSH ratio↓, NK cells cytotoxicity↑, lymphocyte proliferation↔, respiratory burst↔, neutrophil phagocytosis↔	Richie, Nichenametl, Neidig et al. [29]
Liposomal Glutathione Tri-Fortify Orange (phosphatidylcholine liposome GSH) (Researched Nutritionals, USA)	Pilot clinical study	Healthy nonsmokers, 50–80 years of age, had no antioxidant supplementation for ≥ 1 month (n = 12). Subjects were randomly assigned to low-dose (n = 6) or high-dose (n = 6) groups	500 mg, per os 1000 mg per os for 4 weeks	whole-blood GSH↑, erythrocyte GSH↑, plasma GSH, PBMC GSH↑, (GSSG+GSSP):GSH ratio↓, 8-isoprostane↓, NK cell cytotoxicity↑, lymphocyte proliferation↑	Sinha, Sinha, Calcagnotto et al. [30]
l-Glutathione Oxition (NTCPharma, Italy)	Double-blinded, randomized placebo controlled crossover study	Healthy male volunteers with one or more cardiovascular risk factors (n = 16) randomized to the AB (n = 8) and BA (n = 8) groups	Oxition 100 mg twice daily for 4 weeks. Each intervention phase lasted 4 weeks with 4 weeks washout period between the two treatments for a total of 12 weeks	ALT↔, GGT↔, TC↓, TG↔, HDL↓, LDL↓, glucose↑, CysGly plasma↑, CysGly reduced blood↔, GSH plasma↔, GSH reduced plasma↔, GSH total blood↔, GSH reduced blood↔, 3-NT↔, MDA↔, PAS↔, PAD↔, HR↔, RHI↔, FRHI↔, augmentation index↔, augmentation index standardized for heart rate of 75 bpm	Campolo, Bernardi, Cozzi et al. [31]
l-Glutathione (KOHJIN Life Sciences, Japan)	Open label, single arm, multicenter, pilot trial	NAFLD patients (n = 34)	300 mg/d for 4 months by oral administration	BMI↔, glucose↔, IRI↔, HbA1c↑, HDL↔, LDL↔, TG↓, NEFA↓, AST↔, ALT↓, GGT↔, ferritin↓, platelet count↔, type IV collagen 7 s↔, GSH in protein fraction↓, GSH in deproteinized fraction↔, CAP↔, LSM↔	Honda, Kessoku, Sumida et al. [32]
l-Glutathione capsules (KOHJIN Co. Ltd., Japan)	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial	Healthy, nonsmoking subjects (n = 40) men and women assigned to the placebo (n = 20) or glutathione (n = 20) groups.	1 g (2 × 500 mg/d) administered 15 min before breakfast and dinner for 4 weeks	F2-isoP↔, 8-OHdG↔, GSH↔, GSSG↔,	Allen and Bradley [33]
α-Lipoic acid	Randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled, prospective study	T2DM patients (n = 23) with diabetic neuropathy and control group- healthy people (n = 21)	600 mg lipoic acid/d, 30 min prior to meals for 6 weeks	glucose↔, HbA1c↔, TC↔, TG↔, HDL↔, LDL↔, CRP↔, insulin↔, adiponectin↔	Atmaca, Akbas et al. [34]
α-Lipoic acid	Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, clinical trial	Obese patients with NAFLD (n = 50) were randomly allocated to the lipoic acid (n = 25) and placebo (n = 25) groups.	1200 mg/d (2 × 600 mg capsule, one capsule 20 min before breakfast and one capsule 20 min before dinner) plus 400 mg vitamin E/d for 12 weeks	BW↓, BMI↓, WC↓, HC↓, BFM↓, visceral fat↓, total body water↑, free fat mass↑, bone mass↔, ALT↓, AST↓, glucose↓, insulin↓, QUICKI↓, adiponectin↑, MCP-1↔, IL-6↓, ferritin↓, grade of liver steatosis↓	Hosseinpour-Arjmand, Amirkhizi, and Ebrahimi-Mameghani [35]
α-Lipoic acid capsules (Puritan’s Pride, USA)	Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial study	Pregnant women newly diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 60) were divided into drug (n = 30) and placebo (n = 30) groups	100 mg capsule/d for 8 weeks with lunch	glucose↓, insulin↔, HOMA-IR↓, QUICKI↑, lipoic acid ↑, adiponectin↑, leptin↔, MDA/TAC↓,	Aslfalah, Jamilian, and Khosrowbeygi [36]
α-Lipoic acid (produced by Karen Company and capsulated in the School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran)	Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial	Patients with stroke (n = 80) were randomly assigned into lipoic acid (n = 40) or placebo (n = 40) groups	600 mg lipoic acid/d for 12 weeks	SBP↓, DBP↓, glucose↓, insulin↔	Mohammadi, Khorvash, Feizi Askari [37]
α-Lipoic acid (produced by Karen Company and capsulated in the School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran)	Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial	Patients who experienced a stroke (n = 80) were randomized to the placebo (n = 40) and lipoic acid (n = 40) groups.	1 capsule containing 600 mg lipoic acid, 1 h before or 2 h after lunch daily for 12 weeks	TG↓, TC↓, LDL↓, HDL↑	Mohammadi, Khorvash, Feizi, Askari [38]
α-Lipoic acid capsules	Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial	Patients with T2DM (n = 35) were included in lipoic acid group and healthy participants (n = 35) were taken as control group	300 mg/d (2 capsules) for 6 months	BW↔, BMI↔, fasting blood glucose↓, postprandial blood glucose↓, HbA1c↓, LDL↓, HDL↑, VLDL↓, TG↓, TC↓, MDA↓, GSH↑, NO↑	Panda, Panda, and Mishra [39]
Lipoic acid capsules (Puritan’s Pride, USA)	Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial study	Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 60) were divided into drug (n = 30) and placebo (n = 30) groups randomly	100 mg capsule/d for 8 weeks with lunch	glucose↓, α-lipoic acid ↑, ALT↓, AST↔, ALP↔, GGT↓, urea↑, creatinine↔, UA↔, MDA/TAC↓	Aslfalah, Jamilian, Rafiei and Khosrowbeygi [40]
Taurine (independent third-party pharmacy)	Single-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial	Untreated participants (n = 120) with prehypertension assigned to placebo (n = 60) taurine (n = 60) groups and age-matched normotensive control subjects without taurine supplementation (n = 58)	1.6 g/d for 12 weeks	clinic SBP↓, clinic DBP↓, 24 h ambulatory SBP↓, 24 h ambulatory DBP↓, FMD↑, NMD↑, plasma: H2S↑, taurine↑	Sun, Wang, Li et al. [41]
Taurine capsules (Landesapotheke, Austria)	Randomized, controlled, double blind trial	Patients with hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) (n = 30) were randomly assigned into taurine (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15) groups	6 g (6 capsules a 1000 mg) for 4 weeks	HVPG↓, FHVP↔, WHVP↔, creatinine↔, BUN↔, bilirubin↔, albumin↔, AST↔, ALT↔, GGT↔, PPT↔, CRP	Schwarzer, Kivaranovic, Mandorfer et al. [42]
Taurine (Taisho Pharmaceutical, Japan)	Multicentre, open-label, phase III trial	10 patients with MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes)	9 g/d (participants 25–39 kg BW) or 12 g/d (participants ≥ 40 kg BW) for 52 weeks	• plasma taurine↑, CSF taurine↑, serum lactate↔, CSF lactate↔, serum pyruvate↔, CSF pyruvate↔ • reduction of the annual relapse rate of stroke-like episodes from 2.22 to 0.72 • five patients showed a significant increase in the taurine modification of mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) from peripheral blood leukocytes	Ohsawa, Hagiwara, Nishimatsu et al. [43]

Abbreviations: 3-NT, 3-nitrotyrosine; 8-OHdG, urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALAT, alanine aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; ASAT, aspartate aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; AUC, area under curve; BChE, butyrylcholinesterase; BFM, body fat mass; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; BW, body weight; CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; CAT, catalase; CLA, conjugated linoleic acid; CML, carboxymethyl lysine; CRP, C-reactive protein; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; F2-isoP, F2-isoprostanes; FA, fatty acids; FFA, free fatty acid; FFM, free fat mass; FMD Flow-mediated dilation; FRHI, Framingham reactive hyperemia index; GDR, glucose disposal rate; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; GLUT, glucose transporter; GOT, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase; GPT, glutamate pyruvate transaminase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, GSH disulfide (GSH oxidation product); GSSP, GSH protein mixed disulfides (GSH oxidation product); HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HC, hip circumference; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA- β, homeostasic model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HR, heart rate; IL, interleukin; IRAPe, extracellular part of insulin regulated amoinopeptidase; IRI, immunoreactive insulin; LBM, lean body mass; LDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Lp(a), lipoprotein (a); LSM, liver stiffness measurement; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein; MDA, malondialdehyde; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid; NK, natural killer; NMD, nitroglycerin mediated dilation; NO, nitric oxide; Ox-LDL, oxidized LDL; PAD, diastolic blood pressure DBP; PAS, systolic blood pressure SBP; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PC, protein carbonyl; QUICKI, the quantitative insulin check index; RAGE, soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products; RHI, reactive hyperemia index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SFM, subcutaneous fat mass; SOD, superoxide dismutase; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; UA, uric acid; UACR, albumin to creatinine ratio; VLDL, very low density lipoprotein; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist hip ratio; ↑—value increase; ↓—value decrease; ↔—equivalent values.