Figure 3.
Ginsenoside Rb1 confers protection from PM2.5-induced oxidative stress. (a) DNA damage was evaluated by the comet assay; representative images show comet tails, and the graph shows the quantification of cellular DNA damage. (b) Lipid peroxidation was analyzed by confocal microscopy after DPPP staining. (c) Protein oxidation was assayed by measuring carbonyl formation. (a–c) *,** p < 0.05 compared to the control groups of both HaCaT and NHDF cells, respectively; #,## p < 0.05 compared to PM2.5-treated groups of both HaCaT and NHDF cells, respectively.