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. 2019 Aug 24;8(9):969. doi: 10.3390/cells8090969

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family SMAD-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces the formation of a receptor complex. This complex can initiate SMAD-independent signaling via activation of adaptor proteins, e.g., SHC1 and TRAF6. This activation results in initiation of the ERK and TAK signaling cascades, culminating in the activation of MAPKAPK2, p38, JNK, and NFκb. These pathways induce transcription and translation and regulate diverse cellular processes. AKT = RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase, AP-1 = Activator protein 1, ATF2 = Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2, CEBPβ = CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β, ERK = Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3, GRB2 = Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, HSP27 = Heat shock protein beta-1, IkBa = NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha, IKK = Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase, JNK = c-Jun N-terminal kinase, MAP2K = Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1, MAPKAPK = MAP kinase-activated protein kinase, MEF2 = Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2A, MKK = Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, cMYC = Myc proto-oncogene protein, NEMO = NF-kappa-B essential modulator, NFκb = nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, p38 = p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, PI3K = Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, RAF = RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase, RAS = GTPase HRas, SHC1 = SHC-transforming protein 1, SOS = Son of sevenless homolog 1, SP-1 = Sp1 transcription factor, TAB = TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 1, TAK1 = TGFβ-activated kinase 1, TCFs = ternary complex factors, TRAF6 = TNF receptor-associated factor 6, and XIAP = E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP.