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. 2019 Sep 9;9(9):465. doi: 10.3390/biom9090465

Table 6.

Phenolic and carotenoids composition in Anacardium occidentale.

Variety/Cultivar Country/Area Chemical Constituents Plant Part/Extract References
Phenolic compounds
Elongated yellow, elongated red and rounded red Brazil, Cameroon 2-hydroxy-6-pentadecylbenzoic acid leaves, cashew apple, nuts [37,38]
Elongated yellow, elongated red and rounded red Brazil 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid cashew apple [37]
- India cyaniding
peonidin
cashew nut shell liquid [39]
- India, Cameroon, Poland, Tanzania anacardic acid cashew nut shell liquid, cashew seed [35,38,39,40]
- India, Cameroon, Poland, Tanzania cardanol (decarboxylated anacardic acid) cashew nut shell liquid, nuts [35,38,39,40,41]
- India, Poland, Tanzania cardol cashew nut shell liquid [35,39,40,41]
- Cameroon salicyclic acid nuts [38]
- India ethyl gallate flowers [28]
- India hyperoside (quercetin 3-galactoside) leaves, flower [28]
Yellow and red Brazil, Cote d’Ivoire gallic acid cashew apple juice, juice, stem bark [42,43,44]
- Brazil 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
cinnamic acid
protocatechuic acid
cashew apple juice [44]
- Indonesia, Brazil (+)-catechin kernels of cashew nut, bark [27,42]
Yellow and red Cote d’Ivoire caffeic acid
coumaric acid
ferulic acid
naringenin
juice [43]
- Brazil amentoflavone derivate leaves [45]
- Jamaica stigmast-4-en-3-one
stigmast-4-en-3-ol
bark [46]
Yellow and red Brazil, Malaysia myricetin-O-glycoside cashew apple, young tender leaves [47,48]
Yellow and red Malaysia kaempferol-3-O-arabinofuranoside
kaempferol-3-O-arabinopyranoside
kaempferol-3-O-xyloside
quercetin-3-O-xyloside
unknown quercetin pentose
unknown quercetin conjugate
young tender leaves [48]
Yellow and red Brazil, Malaysia kaempferol-3-O-glucoside
quercetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside
cashew apple, freeze dried, young tender leaves [47,48]
- Colombia * 1,2,3-benzenetriol
2-methyl-2-propenoic acid
2,2′-methylenebis(6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-ethyl-pheno
2,2′,6,6′-tetramethyl-4,4′-methylenediphenol
hexadecane
2,4-dioctylphenol
2,6-di[p-cyanophenyl]-4-picoline
4-methyl)furan-3-carboxylate
9-octadecenoic acid,12-hydroxy-13- methyl ester
methyl 2-[2-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)-1-hydroxipent-4-enyl]-N-(benzyl) benzenesulfonamide
integument [49]
- Colombia * 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol integument, extracts and fractions [49]
- Malasiya, Brazil myricetin cashew shoots, cashew apple [47,50]
Yellow and red India, Malasiya, Brazil, Cote d’Ivoire quercetin flowers, cashew shoots, leaves, cashew apple, juice [28,43,45,47,50]
- Brazil 3-O-hexoside of methyl-cyanidin
5-methylcyanidin chloride
delphinidin chloride
kaempferol
rhamnetin O-glycoside
quercetin O-glycoside
cashew apple [47]
- India Brazil delphinidin cashew nut
shell liquid, cashew apple
[39,47]
- Nigeria agathisflavone leaves [51,52]
- Nigeria quercetin 3-O-rutinoside leaves [51]
Yellow and red Brazil, Malaysia, Nigeria quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside cashew apple, freeze dried cashew apple, young tender leaves [47,48,51]
- Brazil 5-methylcyanidin 3-O-hexoside
myricetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside
myricetin 3-O-arabinopyranoside
myricetin 3-O-galactoside
myricetin 3-O-glucoside
myricetin 3-O-xylopyranoside
quercetin 3-O-xylo-pyranoside
rhamnetin
cashew apple, freeze dried cashew apple [47]
Yellow and red Brazil, Malaysia myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside
quercetin 3-O-arabino-pyranoside
quercetin 3-O-galactoside
quercetin 3-O-glucoside
cashew apple, freeze dried, young tender leaves [47,48]
- Brazil, Costa Rica quercetin 3-O-arabinopyrannoside freeze dried cashew apple [47]
Yellow, orange, and red - 7-O-methylcyanidin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside peeled cashew apples [53]
- Spain, Costa Rica provitamin A Vietnamese, Indian (Kerala origin) Brazilian, and Ivory Coast cashew kernels, yellow-, orange-, and red-peeled cashew apples [17,53]
clones CCP
76 and EMBRAPA 50
Brazil (-)-epicatechin
(-)-epigallocatechin
cashew apples, stem bark [42,54]
clones CCP Brazil (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate
(-)-epigallocatechin-O-gallate
cashew apples [54]
Phenolic lipids
- Poland, Tanzania 2-methyl cardol cashew nut shell liquid [35,40]
- Brazil lycopene cashew apple [55]
Carotenoids, carotenoid esters
- Indonesia, Brazil, Spain, Costa Rica β-carotene kernels, cashew apple, Vietnamese, Indian (Kerala origin) Brazilian, and Ivory Coast cashew kernels, yellow-, orange-, and red-peeled cashew apples [4,17,27,53]
Yellow, orange, and red Costa Rica β-cryptoxanthin palmitate peeled cashew apples [53]

* Anacardium excelsum.