Table 6.
Phenolic and carotenoids composition in Anacardium occidentale.
| Variety/Cultivar | Country/Area | Chemical Constituents | Plant Part/Extract | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic compounds | ||||
| Elongated yellow, elongated red and rounded red | Brazil, Cameroon | 2-hydroxy-6-pentadecylbenzoic acid | leaves, cashew apple, nuts | [37,38] |
| Elongated yellow, elongated red and rounded red | Brazil | 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid | cashew apple | [37] |
| - | India | cyaniding peonidin |
cashew nut shell liquid | [39] |
| - | India, Cameroon, Poland, Tanzania | anacardic acid | cashew nut shell liquid, cashew seed | [35,38,39,40] |
| - | India, Cameroon, Poland, Tanzania | cardanol (decarboxylated anacardic acid) | cashew nut shell liquid, nuts | [35,38,39,40,41] |
| - | India, Poland, Tanzania | cardol | cashew nut shell liquid | [35,39,40,41] |
| - | Cameroon | salicyclic acid | nuts | [38] |
| - | India | ethyl gallate | flowers | [28] |
| - | India | hyperoside (quercetin 3-galactoside) | leaves, flower | [28] |
| Yellow and red | Brazil, Cote d’Ivoire | gallic acid | cashew apple juice, juice, stem bark | [42,43,44] |
| - | Brazil | 5-hydroxymethylfurfural cinnamic acid protocatechuic acid |
cashew apple juice | [44] |
| - | Indonesia, Brazil | (+)-catechin | kernels of cashew nut, bark | [27,42] |
| Yellow and red | Cote d’Ivoire | caffeic acid coumaric acid ferulic acid naringenin |
juice | [43] |
| - | Brazil | amentoflavone derivate | leaves | [45] |
| - | Jamaica | stigmast-4-en-3-one stigmast-4-en-3-ol |
bark | [46] |
| Yellow and red | Brazil, Malaysia | myricetin-O-glycoside | cashew apple, young tender leaves | [47,48] |
| Yellow and red | Malaysia | kaempferol-3-O-arabinofuranoside kaempferol-3-O-arabinopyranoside kaempferol-3-O-xyloside quercetin-3-O-xyloside unknown quercetin pentose unknown quercetin conjugate |
young tender leaves | [48] |
| Yellow and red | Brazil, Malaysia | kaempferol-3-O-glucoside quercetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside |
cashew apple, freeze dried, young tender leaves | [47,48] |
| - | Colombia * | 1,2,3-benzenetriol 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid 2,2′-methylenebis(6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-ethyl-pheno 2,2′,6,6′-tetramethyl-4,4′-methylenediphenol hexadecane 2,4-dioctylphenol 2,6-di[p-cyanophenyl]-4-picoline 4-methyl)furan-3-carboxylate 9-octadecenoic acid,12-hydroxy-13- methyl ester methyl 2-[2-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl)-1-hydroxipent-4-enyl]-N-(benzyl) benzenesulfonamide |
integument | [49] |
| - | Colombia * | 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol | integument, extracts and fractions | [49] |
| - | Malasiya, Brazil | myricetin | cashew shoots, cashew apple | [47,50] |
| Yellow and red | India, Malasiya, Brazil, Cote d’Ivoire | quercetin | flowers, cashew shoots, leaves, cashew apple, juice | [28,43,45,47,50] |
| - | Brazil | 3-O-hexoside of methyl-cyanidin 5-methylcyanidin chloride delphinidin chloride kaempferol rhamnetin O-glycoside quercetin O-glycoside |
cashew apple | [47] |
| - | India Brazil | delphinidin | cashew nut shell liquid, cashew apple |
[39,47] |
| - | Nigeria | agathisflavone | leaves | [51,52] |
| - | Nigeria | quercetin 3-O-rutinoside | leaves | [51] |
| Yellow and red | Brazil, Malaysia, Nigeria | quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside | cashew apple, freeze dried cashew apple, young tender leaves | [47,48,51] |
| - | Brazil | 5-methylcyanidin 3-O-hexoside myricetin 3-O-arabinofuranoside myricetin 3-O-arabinopyranoside myricetin 3-O-galactoside myricetin 3-O-glucoside myricetin 3-O-xylopyranoside quercetin 3-O-xylo-pyranoside rhamnetin |
cashew apple, freeze dried cashew apple | [47] |
| Yellow and red | Brazil, Malaysia | myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside quercetin 3-O-arabino-pyranoside quercetin 3-O-galactoside quercetin 3-O-glucoside |
cashew apple, freeze dried, young tender leaves | [47,48] |
| - | Brazil, Costa Rica | quercetin 3-O-arabinopyrannoside | freeze dried cashew apple | [47] |
| Yellow, orange, and red | - | 7-O-methylcyanidin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside | peeled cashew apples | [53] |
| - | Spain, Costa Rica | provitamin A | Vietnamese, Indian (Kerala origin) Brazilian, and Ivory Coast cashew kernels, yellow-, orange-, and red-peeled cashew apples | [17,53] |
| clones CCP 76 and EMBRAPA 50 |
Brazil | (-)-epicatechin (-)-epigallocatechin |
cashew apples, stem bark | [42,54] |
| clones CCP | Brazil | (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (-)-epigallocatechin-O-gallate |
cashew apples | [54] |
| Phenolic lipids | ||||
| - | Poland, Tanzania | 2-methyl cardol | cashew nut shell liquid | [35,40] |
| - | Brazil | lycopene | cashew apple | [55] |
| Carotenoids, carotenoid esters | ||||
| - | Indonesia, Brazil, Spain, Costa Rica | β-carotene | kernels, cashew apple, Vietnamese, Indian (Kerala origin) Brazilian, and Ivory Coast cashew kernels, yellow-, orange-, and red-peeled cashew apples | [4,17,27,53] |
| Yellow, orange, and red | Costa Rica | β-cryptoxanthin palmitate | peeled cashew apples | [53] |
* Anacardium excelsum.