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. 2019 Sep 7;8(9):1052. doi: 10.3390/cells8091052

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mitochondrial Ca²⁺ modulation by CsA is phosphate (P_i)-dependent. Representative traces show change in extra-matrix Ca²⁺ fluorescence (Fura-4F Ratio) and ΔΨ_m during consecutive 20 μM CaCl₂ boluses to induce mPTP opening in P_i-depleted mitochondria. P_i was added (purple arrowhead) at threshold point when mitochondria exhibited limited uptake of Ca²⁺ from the buffer.