Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Aug 22;11(9):1225. doi: 10.3390/cancers11091225

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

The pathway shows the influence of adipocytes on cancer. The arrows indicate induction or activation, the line ending with an oval segment (AMPK on mTOR) indicates inhibition. The substances released from adipocytes diffuse through the blood circulation and reach cancer cells where activate different cellular pathways. The latter lead to an increase of cell proliferation, survival and angiogenesis. IGF1: Insulin-like growth factor I. IGF1R: Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. INSR: Insulin receptor. IRS1: Insulin receptor substrate 1. BAD: Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death. MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase. LEPR: Leptin receptor. ADIPOR1: Adiponectin receptor protein 1. ADIPOR2: Adiponectin receptor protein 2. VEGFA: Vascular endothelial growth factor A. AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase. mTOR: Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR. CP: Ceruloplasmin. SLC31A1: High affinity copper uptake protein 1. TNF: Tumor necrosis factor. TNFRSF: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. IL6: Interleukin-6. IL6R: Interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha. PTGS2: Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2. PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases. AKT: serine/threonine kinase. HIF1A: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha.