Figure 1.

Targets of approved or investigational pharmacological intervention on signaling pathways associated with resistance mechanisms against antineoplastic agents and their associations with the hallmarks of cancer. The hallmarks of cancer [91] are sustaining proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppression, avoiding immune destruction, enabling replicative immortality, tumor-promoting inflammation, activation invasion and metastasis, inducing angiogenesis, genome instability and mutation, resisting cell death, and deregulating cellular energetics. The most commonly affected signaling pathways in response to cytotoxic or targeted chemotherapeutic agents related to specific resistance mechanisms are depicted. For more details, please consult the supplementary tables. Adapted from Hanahan and Weinberg (2011) [91].