AGEs	advanced glycation end products
AP-1	activator protein 1
APCs	antigen presenting cells
CAP	cellulose acetate phthalate
CD	Crohn disease
COX-2	cyclooxygenase-2
CRC	colorectal cancer
DN	diabetic nephropathy
DR	diabetic retinopathy
DSS	dextran sulfate sodium
GI	gastrointestinal
GM	gut microbiota
GRAS	generally recognized as safe
HPMCP	hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose phthalate
HSPs	heat shock proteins
IBD	inflammatory bowel diseases
IL6	interleukin 6
IS	indoxyl sulfate
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAMP	microbe-associated molecular pattern
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
NF-kB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
PC	p-cresol
PCS	p-cresyl sulfate
PG	peptidoglycan
PYY	peptide tyrosine-tyrosine
SCFAs	short-chain fatty acids
TMAO	trimethylamine-N-oxide
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-alpha
TOPK	T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase
TLRs	toll-like receptors
UC	ulcerative colitis