Table 1.
Molecules secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their functions.
| Molecules | Function | In Vitro/In Vivo Models | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| TGF-β | Tregs activation | In vitro: PBMCs from healthy donors In vivo: C57BL/6 and BALB/C mice |
[41] |
| In vitro: PBMCs from SLE patients In vivo: SLE patients |
[42] | ||
| Suppression of DC maturation | In vivo: C57BL/6 and BALB/C mice | [43] | |
| Suppression of Th17 cell generation | In vivo: MRL/Lpr mice | [44] | |
| mpCCL2 | Prevents Th17 chemotaxis and activation | In vivo EAE model | [45] |
| IL-1Ra | M2-like macrophage polarization | In vivo: Mouse model of arthritis | [46] |
| Inhibition of B cell differentiation | In vivo: Mouse model of lung injury | [47] | |
| HGF-1 | Preserves renal function | In vivo: Mouse model of obesity-associated kidney injury | [50] |
| VEGF | Neurogenesis, angiogenesis and reduction of infarct size | In vivo: Mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia | [48] |
| LIF | Inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation blocking STAT3 phosphorylation | In vivo: EAE model | [51] |
| Induction of Foxp3+Tregs proliferation | In vitro: PBMCs from healthy donors | [52] | |
| PGE2 | Induces macrophages to produce anti-inflammatory IL-10 | In vivo: Mouse model of colitis | [53] |
| Promotes macrophages differentiation altering metabolic status and microbicidal capacity | In vitro: THP-1 cell line | [55] | |
| Promotes hepatocyte proliferation and reduction of apoptosis | In vivo: Mouse model of ALF | [56] | |
| TSG6 | Improves tissue repair in peritonitis | In vivo: mouse model of zymosan-induced peritonitis | [57] |
| Contributes to inhibiting disease progression | In vivo: EAE model | [58] | |
| Interferes with leukocyte infiltration and induces corneal regeneration | In vivo: Mouse model of corneal epithelial wound healing in type 1 diabetes | [59] | |
| Gal-1 | Inhibits proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells | In vitro: PBMCs from healthy donors | [60] |
| Gal-9 | Induces death of Th17 and Th1 cells | In vitro: PBMCs from healthy donors | [61] |
Abbreviations: Tumor growth factor β (TGF-β), metalloproteinase-processed C–C motif chemokine ligand2 (mpCCL2), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), hepatocyte growth factor-1 (HGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein (TSG6), galectin-1 (Gal-1), galectin-9 (Gal-9), T helper 17 cells (Th17), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3),Foxp3 (Forkhead box P3), interleukin-10 (IL-10), T helper 1 cells (Th1), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs), acute liver failure (ALF).