Table 1.

Enhancing bioavailability of oral curcumin by different novel delivery systems.

Formulation	Subjects 1	Curcumin Dose	Pharmacokinetics Parameters (Curcumin) 2	Ref.
Curcumin + piperine	H	2 g + 5 mg	6.92 ng/mL (mean)	[14]
	H	4 g + 24 mg	136–176 ng/mL (range)	[43]
	H	2 g/kg + 20 mg/kg	180 ng/mL at 0.75 h	[44]
Curcumin + lecithin	H	400 mg	50.3 ± 12.7 ng/mL at 3.8 ± 0.6 h	[45]
	H	200 mg	24.2 ± 5.9 ng/mL at 4.2 ± 0.8 h	[45]
	H	400 mg	71 ng/mL (mean)	[46]
Curcumin in hydrophilic nanoparticles	H	30 mg	1.8 ± 2.8 ng/mL	[47]
	H	376 mg	27.3 ± 6.4 ng/mL at 1.4 h	[48]
	H	30 mg	25.5 ± 12.2 ng/mL	[49]
	P	Multiple doses of 200 or 400 mg/day	324 ng/mL with a dose of 200 mg of Theracurmin and 440 ng/mL with a dose of 400 mg	[50]
	H	150 or 210 mg	189 ± 48 ng/mL with a dose of 150 mg and 275 ± 7 ng/mL with a dose of 210 mg	[51]
Curcumin in solid lipid particle	H	650 mg (135–195 mg curcumin)	22.4 ng/mL at 2.4 h	[52]
	P	From 2 to 4 g	30–40 ng/mL between 2 to 4 h	[52]
Curcumin in micellar system	H	500 mg	1189 ng/mL at 1.1 h	[40]
	P	210 mg/day per 4 days	253 ng/mL (total curcuminoids)	[53]
Miscellaneous	H	500 mg Cureit	74.3 ng/mL	[54]
	H	4 × 500 mg capsules of Biocurcumax™	689.18 ng/g at 4.6 h	[55]

¹ H: healthy volunteers P: patients. ² In here is reported the maximum concentration of curcumin in systemic blood otherwise when the data was not shown, the range or the mean of curcumin concentration were implemented.